THE REDWING. 405 



smaller markings ; centre of belly white ; flanks rich chestnut, 

 feathers towards belly streaked pale brown ; under tail-coverts 

 with pale brown bases and long huffish-white tips extending up 

 centre of feathers in wedge-shape ; axillaries and under wing-coverts 

 pinkish-chestnut not so dark as flanks ; tail dark brown with very 

 narrow huffish-white edging at tip of inner webs of outer feathers ; 

 primaries and secondaries dark brown, inner webs with paler 

 edgings and outer webs with more yellowish-brown edgings ; 

 primal-coverts same but with dark tips ; greater coverts same 

 but with more distinctly pale edgings to outer webs, varying from 

 pale brown to rusty buffish-brown ; median coverts dark brown 

 with paler tips varying as outer edges of greater coverts ; lesser 

 coverts dark brown. This plumage is acquired by complete moult 

 in Aug.-Sept. Summer. Xo moult. Abrasion makes upper -parts 

 somewhat greyer-brown and often dark centres of feathers of crown 

 rather prominent ; under-parts white with dark streaks more 

 prominent and clearer 



Nestling. Down, pale buff. Distribution, inner supra -orbital, 

 occipital, spinal, humeral and ulnar (from feathered skin). 



Juvenile. Whole head dark brown, feathers with blackish 

 tips especially marked at sides of crown ; mantle and scapulars 

 same, but feathers with pale buff to whitish centres forming wide 

 and prominent streaks on scapulars ; rump and upper tail-coverts 

 as mantle but paler brown and with fewer and smaller (or without) 

 whitish centres ; eye-stripe as in adult, but usually whiter ; lores, 

 ear-coverts and sides of neck and throat as adult but pale parts 

 whiter and less buff ; chin and centre of throat buffish-white ; rest 

 of under-parts pale buff to whitish-buff becoming white on bslly, 

 each feather with black-brown tip forming spots exactly as in juvenile 

 Song-Thrush, spots smaller on lower belly and absent in centre ; 

 flanks buff with dark spots, some feathers in centre of flanks 

 chestnut-buff ; under tail-coverts buffish-white with pale brown 

 bases and tips : axillaries and under wing -co verts pale buffish- 

 chestnut ; tail as adult : wing-feathers as adult but two innermost 

 secondaries with distinct buffish-white tips to outer webs ; greater 

 coverts as adult but with buff tips extending upwards as mesial 

 streaks in varying number of inner feathers (see Plate 15) ; 

 median and lesser coverts dark brown with buff mesial streaks 

 broadening at tips of median coverts. 



First winter and summer. As adult and only to be distinguished 

 by white tips to innermost secondaries and pale buff tips to greater 

 coverts. In summer these distinctive tips often become worn off. 

 The juvenile body -feathers, lesser and median wing-coverts and 

 varying number of inner greater coverts are moulted Aug.-Sept., 

 but not wing- and tail-feathers, nor primary-coverts nor rest of 

 greater coverts. 



Measurements and structure. $ wing 113-122 mm., tail 76-85 



