THE THRUSH-NIGHTINGALE. 471 



and Glamorgan confined to southern river-valleys. North and 

 west of above-mentioned line becomes rapidly scarce, and is only 

 regular and at all numerous in river-valleys, and is sporadic and 

 uncertain in south Staffs., Salop, and south Derby., and only 

 occasional in Cheshire and the extreme east of Brecon, Montgomery, 

 Denbigh , and Flint. On east side locally not uncommon in Leicester, 

 Notts., and Lines., but thins out northwards and breeds irregularly 

 in southern parts of the eastern and south-eastern portions of West 

 Yorks., and sporadically in eastern half of North Yorks. Records 

 of vagrants from Bishop Rock Lt. (Scillies), Sept. 18, 1912, 

 Carmarthen, Cardigan, Lanes. (?), Durham, and Northumberland 

 (cf. Brit. B., v., pp. 2-21). Scotland. One, Isle of May (Forth), 

 May 9, 1911 (Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1911, p. 132). 



MIGRATIONS. England. Early arrivals of summer -residents second 

 week April (early dates 5, 7, 8) ; main arrival end third week to 

 end third week May. Very little information as to autumn move- 

 ments. Begins to move from breeding-haunts beginning Aug. 

 if not before, earliest emigratory record Aug. 17 Dungeness Lt. 

 (Kent) latest Sept. 30-Oct. 1 Hanois Lt. (Channel Islands). 



DISTRIBUTION. Abroad. Europe from shores of North Sea to 

 Mediterranean, and Black Sea, north-west Africa, Asia Minor, and 

 Cyprus, wintering in Africa. Casual in Madeira. Replaced by 

 other races in Persia, Turkestan, and Khirgiz Steppes. A Corsican 

 form has been separated, but appears to be untenable (Orn. 

 Monatsber., 1910, p. 155). 



LUSCINIA LUSCINIA 



192. Luscinia luscinia (L.) THE THRUSH-NIGHTINGALE. 



MOTACILLA LTJSCINIA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 184 (1758 

 " Europa." Restricted typical locality: Sweden. Linnaeus expressly 

 says that he did not observe the small Nightingale). 



Luscinia luscinia, W. E. Clarke, Scot. Nat., 1912, p. 9 ; cf. Brit. B., v, 

 p. 240. 



DESCRIPTION. Adult male and female. Winter. Whole upper- 

 parts dark earth-brown, tinged olivaceous, much darker than in 

 Nightingale and not rufous ; upper tail-coverts less olivaceous and 

 with a tinge of rufous ; under-parts like Nightingale but feathers 

 of breast with small brown centres giving breast a more or less 

 mottled appearance ; under -tail-coverts pale buff with some of the 

 feathers sometimes with a few brown bars or marks ; tail-feathers 

 dark rufous-brown ; wing-feathers and wing-coverts as Nightingale 

 but darker and less rufous. This plumage is acquired by complete 

 moult in July-Aug. Summer. No moult and very little change 

 by abrasion. 



Nestling. (Not examined.) 



