SOME METHODS FOR LOWtiR ANIMALS. 461 



and Loxosoma the chloral hydrate method, fixing with sub- 

 limate. For Flustra, Cellepora, Bugula, Zoobothrium, he 

 employs the alcohol method of EISIG, 16. For Cristatella 

 see 17, 18. 



CONSKR (Trans. Amer. Mic. Soc., xvii, 1896, p. 310) kills 

 the fresh-water forms with cocaine, puts them for an hour 

 into 1 per cent, chromic acid, and passes through water into 

 alcohol, etc. 



826. Brachiopoda. Lo BIANCO kills small animals in 70 per 

 cent, alcohol, larger ones in the same, but after first nar- 

 cotising with alcohol and sea water. 



BLOCHMANN (Untersuch.fein. Ban Brachiopoden, Jena, 1892, 

 p. 5) fixes principally with sublimate, macerates by the 

 HERTWIGS' method, 538, decalcifies with 1 per cent, chromic 

 acid (for thick shells add a little hydrochloric or nitric acid), 

 or with nitric acid in alcohol of 50 to 70 per cent., and im- 

 beds in paraffin or celloidin, the latter giving the less 

 shrinkage. For injections, Berlin blue, or 2 per cent, blue 

 or red gelatin. 



EKMAN (Zeit. u-iss. Zool., Ixii, 1896, p. 172) fixes the 

 peduncle chiefly with liquid of Flemming, and cuts chiefly 

 with the free hand, in liver, seldom in paraffin. 



Mollusca. 



827. Fixation of Mollusca. Two groups at least amongst 

 the Mollusca offer considerable difficulties in the way of fixa- 

 tion Lamellibranchiata and Gastropoda. 



Lo BIANCO narcotises Lamellibranchs for six to ten hours 

 or more with alcohol, 16, and then kills them. 



CARAZZI (Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, xii, 1896, p. 388) also 

 employs the alcohol method, but warms the vessel containing 

 the animals to about 25 C., and thus obtains total narcosis 

 in twenty-four hours. For the study of the branchiae he 

 then excises all four lamellae, fixes them in a sublimate 

 mixture similar to that of Gilson, 70, for one or two hours 

 (or the entire body of the animal may be excised and fixed 

 for four to six hours), then passes through iodine-alcohol and 

 absolute alcohol, removes the two outer lamellae, and imbeds 



