SOME METHODS FOR LOWER ANIMALS. 477 



DENDY (see Journ. Roy. Mic. oc., 189:3, p. 116) has 

 succeeded with Geonemertes by exposing it for half a mi nut r 

 to the vapour of chloroform. 



For staining fixed specimens in toto I hold that it is well- 

 nigh necessary to employ alcoholic stains, for even the most 

 delicate species are not satisfactorily penetrated by watery 

 stains in any reasonable lapse of time. Borax-carmine or 

 Mayer's alcoholic carmine may be recommended ; not so 

 cochineal or ha3matoxylin stains, on account of the energy 

 with which they are held by the mucin which in general 

 exists in such great abundance in the skin of these animals. 



Sections by the paraffin method, after penetration with 

 oil of cedar (chloroform will fail to penetrate sometimes 

 after the lapse of weeks). 



BURGER (Fauna n. Flora Golf. Neapel, xxii, 1895, p. 443) 

 studies the nervous system, nephridia, skin, muscle, and 

 intestine by the intra vitam methylen-blue method. He 

 injects the animals with 0*5 per cent, solution in distilled 

 water, or 0*5 per cent, salt water, and allows them to lie for 

 six to twelve hours or more in moist blotting-paper. 



He also employs maceration in one third alcohol, or the 

 Hertwigs' medium, 538. 



For his other methods see the paper quoted, or Grundziige, 

 p. 399. 



See also MONTGOMERY (Zool. Jahrb., Abth. Morph., x, 1897, p. 6 ; 

 Grundzuge, p. 399). 



857. Cestodes. This group must of course be chiefly studied 

 by the usual section methods. As pointed out by VOGT 

 and YUNG (Trait* d'Anat. Comp. Prat., p. 204), the observa- 

 tion of the living animal may be of service, especially in the 

 study of the excretory system. And, as shown by PINTNER, 

 Tsenias may be preserved alive for several days in common 

 water to which a little white of egg has been added. 



LONNBERG (Centralb.f. BaUerioL u. Parasitenk., xi, 1892, 

 p. 89 ; Journ. Roy. Mic. Soc., 1892, p. 281) has kept Triseno- 

 phorus nodulosus, a parasite of the pike, alive for a month in 

 a slightly acid pepsin-peptone solution containing from 3 to 

 4 per cent, of nutritive matter, and less than 1 per cent, of 



NaCl. 



DE FILIPPI (Att. Accad. Lined, vii, 1894, p. 250 ; Zeit. f. 



