iv PREFACE 



(2nd ed.), the latter is also given and placed second. Thus 

 no inconvenience can arise. Where subspecies are clearly 

 recognised trinomials are given, it being obviously incorrect, as 

 a general rule, to give a description as specific which may in 

 part not apply to the whole species but only to one or more of 

 its local forms. 1 



The classification adopted follows generally that of Professor 

 Hans Gadow in Bronn's Thier-Reich : Vb'gel II. 



My best thanks are due to the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain and 

 to W. Farren of Cambridge for revising the proofs and for 

 valuable suggestions. 



All the illustrations are by Mr. A. W. Seaby, except those of 

 the heads of the crow and rook, and one or two others, repro- 

 duced from the British Bird Book. 



1 Binomial: Corvus corax. Trinomial : Corvus corax corax, the 

 first name being that of the genus, the second of the species, the 

 third of the subspecies, the last being added to distinguish various 

 local forms or races: e.g. the typical Corvus corax corax from Corvus 

 corax hispanus (Spain) ; Corvus corax varius (Faeroes), &c. 



