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Jennings sooond type/i* ae follows, 



2. *2he tips of the two adjacent rays may so twist that tha 

 ventral surfaces do not faoe eaoh other, but both faoa in tha 

 same direction. The tube feet then take hold and thro* the 

 starfish over, twisting it about an axis x* whioh passes length- 

 wise through one cf the attached rays* this method of turning is 

 extremely difficult end awkward but is seen at time. Usually 

 however ***> a, third ray takes hold and aids in the turning, 

 the method then forming a transition to that given next** 



I have observed this method of righting only a few times, and 

 variations of it (Type 5 (6) of Jennings) where only one ray 

 attaches a few times also* In eaoh case the coordinated impulse 

 could be seen to spread froxa the initiating ray or rays and 

 involve coordination of the rest of the tube feet and to some 

 extend the arms in the manner described above* She ray that might 

 be expected to attach coordinately (facing) the ray that bends 

 down is usually seen lifted above the substrate and reaching 

 out in the direction of the righting* Locomotion after righting 

 is usually toward the rays that initiate the reaction* 



Jenning*s thr$d type is as follows* 

 3,*?hree adjacent rays attach and remain attached, all 

 pulling throughout the reaction* Usually the animal turns pri- 

 marily by the aid of the t**o outer rgfcs, while the middle one 

 is relatively passive and compelled to double back under as the 

 araimal turns. Often this middle ray walks backward beneath one 

 of the other rays, or the otfcer walks actively over its surface, 

 or there is a combination of these two movements tillthe normal 

 position is reached:, ( A model of the starfish in paper or 

 cloth will make clear the necessity of such movements when 

 three of the rays remain atvtohed^" 



'.mere is no new principal involved here, except that of 



