66* 



the relation of the moving parts of the animl to the substrate and 

 a consequent orientation of the tube feet in the direction tf 

 the movement* 



Jennings fifth type is as follows: 



(4) 6* All of the rays attach themselves. How the turning 

 can be accomplished only by the release of certain rays, ihen the 

 Method passes to one of the types already described* 



The method of release as I have observed it is of two 

 kinds* (!) 'i3ie pull of the other parts of the starfish tear loo so ^ 

 attached tube feet* These then retract and other tube feet 

 attach but usually not so tightly as those that were first 

 attached* As this continues the tube feet in the region in 

 question either all become retracted and the ray is pulled free 



(2) 



of the substrate and swung over in the righting, * the tube 

 feet become oriented in the direction of the pull and righting 

 proceeds according to method three or four with possibly a 



(r.e(eA) 



lifting of the looonotor ray free of the substrate* 



A 



Jonninge sixth type has already been described in connection 

 with his second type* 



Jenning's seventh type is as follows: 



*(6) 7 A still more unusual type is seen in the performance 

 of the righting action without attachment of the tube feet of 

 any of the rays* Preyer (1886) and Romanes (1885) have given 

 account of certain ways in which this is sometimes accomplished* 

 The typical tsethod seems for the starfish to raise its disk 

 &igh standing on the tips of all the five rays, then to swing 

 one or more rays over, or one or more under or both until the 

 body topples over ventral side down* In my own observations, 

 the righting without attaching the tube feet was seen only when 

 these were experimentally prevented from taking hold* The 

 starfish then writhed and squirmed irregularly, taking various 



