ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS. G 



Bravais, Martins, Siljestrom) to Scandinavia, Lapland, the 

 Faroe Islands, and Spitzbergen in the corvette la Recherche 

 18351840, Berard to the Gulf of Mexico and North 

 America 1838, to the Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena 

 1842 and 1846 (Sabine in the Phil Transact, for 1849, 

 pt. ii, p. 175), and Francis de Castlenau, Voy. dans les parties 

 centralvs de V Amerique du Sud 1847 1850. 



1818 1851. The series of important and adventurous ex- 

 peditions in the ArcticPolar Seas through the instrumentality 

 of the British Government first suggested by the praise- 

 worthy zeal of John Barrow ; Edward Sabine's magnetic and 

 astronomical observations in Sir John Ross's voyage to Davis 

 Straits, Baffin's Bay, and Lancaster Sound in 1818, as well as 

 in Parry's voyage in the Hecla and Griper through Barrow 

 Straits to Melville Island 18191820 ; Franklin, Richard- 

 son, and Back 18191822, and ^gain from 18251827, 

 Back alone from 1833 1835, when almost the only food 

 that the expedition could obtain for weeks together was a 

 lichen, G-yrophora pustulata, the " Tripe de Roche " of the 

 Canadian hunters, which has been chemically analyzed by 

 John Stenhouse in the Phil Transact, for 1849, pt. ii, p. 393'; 

 Parry's second expedition with Lyon in the Fury and Hecla 

 1821 1823 ; Parry's third voyage with James Ross 1824 

 1825 ; Parry's fourth voyage when he attempted with Lieu- 

 tenants Foster and Crozier to penetrate northward from 

 Spitsbergen on the ice in 1827, when they reached the lati- 

 tude 82 J 45' ; John Ross, together with his accomplished 

 nephew Jame.-5 Ross, in a second voyage undertaken at the 

 expense of Felix Booth, and which was rendered the more 

 perilous on account of protracted detention in the ice, namely 

 from 1829 to 1833 ; Dease and Simpson of the Hudson's 

 Bay Company 1838 1839 ; and more recently, in search of 

 Sir John Franklin, the expeditions of ( 'aptains Ommanney, 

 Austin, Penny, Sir John Ross, and Phillips 1850 and 1851. 

 The expedition of Captain Penny reached the northern lati- 

 tude of 77 & Victoria Channel into which Wellington 

 Channel opens. 



1819 1821. Bellinghausen's voyage into the Antarctic 

 Ocean. 



1819. The appearance of the great work of Hansteen On 

 the Magnetism of the Earth, which, however, was completed 



VOL. V. F 



