70 COSMOS. 



observations on declination and intensity along the north- 

 west coast of America, and upon the Sandwich Islands as 

 far as the margin of the crater of Kiraueah (Sabine, Rep. of 

 the Meeting of the British Association at Liverpool, pp. 27 

 32). 



1829. Kupffer, Voyage au Mont JSlbrouz dans le Caucase, 

 pp. 68115. 



1829. Humboldt's magnetic observations on terrestrial 

 magnetism with the simultaneous astronomical determina- 

 tions of position in an expedition in Northern Asia under- 

 taken by command of the Emperor Nicholas, between the 

 longitudes 11 3' and 80 12' east of Paris, near the Lake 

 Dzaisan as well as between the latitudes of 45 43' (the 

 island of Birutschicassa in the Caspian Sea) to 58 52' in 

 the northern parts of the Ural district near Werchoturie 

 (Asie. Centrale, t. iii, pp. 440 478). 



1829. The Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Peters- 

 burgh, acceded to Humboldt's suggestion for the establish- 

 ment of magnetic and meteorological stations in the different 

 climatic zones of European and Asiatic Russia, as well as for 

 die erection of a physical central observatory in the capital 

 of the empire under the efficient scientific direction of Pro- 

 fessor Kupffer. (See Cosmos, vol. i, p. 184. Kupffer Rap- 

 port adresse a VAcad. de St. Petersbourg relatif a VObser- 

 vatoire physique central, fonde aiipres du Corps des Mines, 

 in Schuni. Astr. Nadir. No. 726 ; and in his Annales Maq- 

 netiques, p. xi ) Through the continued patronage, which the 

 Finance Minister, Count Cancrin, has awarded to every 

 great scientific undertaking, a portion of the simultaneously 

 corresponding observations 72 between the White Sea and 



~' : The first idea of the utility of a systematic and simultaneously con- 

 ducted series of magnetic observations is due to Celsius, and, without 

 referring to the discovery and measurement of the influence of polar 

 light on magnetic variation, which was, in fact, due to his assistant, 

 Olav Hiorter (March, 1741), we may mention that he was the means of 

 inducing Graham, in the summer of 1741, to join him in his inves- 

 tigations for discovering whether certain extraordinary perturbations, 

 which had from time to time exerted a horary influence on the 

 course of the magnetic needle at Upsala had also been observed at the 

 same time by him in London. A simultaneity in the perturbations 

 afforded a proof, he said, that the cause of these disturbances is ex- 

 tended over considerable portions of the earth's surface, and is not 

 dependent upon accidental local actions (Celsius, in Svenska Veten- 



