MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS. 71 



the Crimea, and between the Gulf of Finland and the shores 

 of the Pacific in Russian America, were begun as early as 

 1832. A permanent magnetic station was established in the 

 old monastery at Pekin, which, from time to time since the 

 reign of Peter the Great, has been inhabited by monks of' 

 the Greek Church. The learned astronomer, Fuss, who took 

 the principal part in the measurements for the determination 

 of the difference of level between the Caspian and the Black 

 Sea was chosen to arrange the first magnetic establishments 

 in China. At a subsequent period Kupffer in his voyage of 

 circumnavigation compared together all the instruments 

 that had been employed in the magnetic and meteorological 

 stations as far east as Nertschinsk in 119 36' longitude, and 

 with the fundamental standards. The magnetic observations 

 of Fedorow, in Siberia, which are no doubt highly valuable, 

 are still unpublished. 



1830 1845. Colonel Graham of the topographical en- 

 gineers of the United States, made observations on the mag- 

 netic intensity at the southern boundary of Canada (Phil. 

 Transact, for 1846, pt. iii, p. 242). 



1830. Fuss, Magnetic, Astronomical, and Hypsometrical 

 Observations on the journey from the Lake of Baikal, 

 through Ergi-Oude, Durma, and the Gobi, which lies at an 

 elevation of only 2525 feet, to Pekin, in. order to establish 

 the magnetic and meteorological observatory in that city, 

 where Kovanko continued for 10 years to prosecute his 

 observations (Rep. of the Seventh Meeting of the Brit. 

 Assoc. 1837, pp. 497499 ; and Humboldt, Asie Centrale, 

 t. i, p. 8 ; t. ii, p. 141 ; t. iii, pp. 468, 477). 



1831 1836. Captain Fitzroy in his voyage round the 

 world in the Beagle, as well as in the survey of the coasts 

 of the most southern portions of America, with a Gam- 



skaps Academiens Uandlingar for 1740, p. 44 ; Hiorter, op. cit. 1747, 

 p. 27). As Aragc had recognised that the magnetic perturbations 

 owing to polar light are diffused over districts, in which the pheno- 

 mena of light which accompany magnetic storms have not been seen, 

 he devised a plan, by which he was enabled to carry on simultaneous 

 horary observations (in 1823) with our common friend Kupffer, at 

 Kasan, which lies almost 47 east of Paris. Similar simultaneous ob- 

 servations of declination were begun in 1828 by myself, in conjunction 

 with Arago and Reich, at Berlin, Paris, and Freiberg (see Poggeud 

 Annalen, Bd. xix, s. 337). 



