184 COSMOS. 



b, Thermal Springs. 



(Amplification of the Representation of Nature. 

 Cosmos, vol. i, pp. 216221). 



Asa consequence of the vital activity of the interior of 

 our planet, evidenced in irregularly repeated and often 

 tearfully destructive phenomena, we have described the 



14th of December, 1796. Earthquake and destruction of the city of 

 Cumana ; 



4th of February, 1797. Earthquake and destruction of Rjobamba. On 

 the same morning the columns of smoke of the volcano of Pasto, 

 at a distance of at least 200 geographical miles from Riobamba, 

 disappeared suddenly, and never reappeared ; no commotion was 

 felt in its vicinity. 



30th of January, 1811. First appearance of the island of Sabrina, in 

 the group of the Azores, near the island of St. Michael. The ele- 

 vation preceded the eruption of fire, as in the case of the little 

 Kameni (Santorin) and that of the volcano of Jorullo. After an 

 eruption of cinders, lasting for six days, the island rose to a 

 height of 320 feet above the surface of the sea. It was the 

 third appearance and disappearance of the island nearly at the 

 same point, at intervals of 91 and 92 years. 



Iffay, 1811. More than 200 shocks of earthquake on the island of 

 St. Vincent up to April, 1812. 



December, 1811. Innumerable shocks in the river-valleys of the 

 Ohio,^ Mississippi, and Arkansas up to 1813. Between New 

 Madrid, Little Prairie, and La Saline, to the north of Cincin- 

 nati, the earthquakes occurred almost every hour for months 

 together. 



December, 1811. A single shock in Caraccas. 



26th of March, 1812. Earthquake and destruction of the town of 

 Caraccas. The circle of commotion extended over Santa Mart a, 

 the town of Honda, and the elevated plateau of Bogota", to a dis- 

 tance of 540 miles from Caraccas. The motion continued until the 

 middle of the year 1813. 



80th of April, 1812. Eruption of the volcano of St. Vincent ; and on 

 the same day, about 2 o'clock in the morning, a fearful subter- 

 ranean noise, like the roar of artillery, was heard at the same time 

 and with equal distinctness on the shores of Caraccas, in the 

 Llanos of Calabazo and of the Rio Apure, without being accom- 

 panied by any concussion of the earth (see ante, p. 178). The 

 subterranean noise was also heard upon the Island of St. Vin- 

 cent, but, and this is very remarkable, it was stronger at some 

 distance upon the sea. 



