TRUE VOLCANOES. 249 



Etna. 39 according to Smyth, 10,871 feet. 



Peak of Tencriffe: 12.161 feet, according to Charles Deville. 30 



The volcano Gunung Semeru, the highest of all mountains on the 



island of Java: 1^,237 feet, according to Junghuhu's barometrical 



measurement. 



The volcano Erebus, lat. 77 32', the nearest to the south pole . 31 

 12,366 feet, according to Sir James Rosa. 



The volcano Argceus, 32 in Cappadocia, now Erdschisch-Dagh, south- 

 south-east of Kaisarieh : 12,603 feet, according to Peter von 

 Tschichatscheff. 



29 For an account of the remarkable agreement of the trigonome- 

 trical with the barometrical measurement of Sir John Herschel, see 

 Cosmos, vol. i, p. 6. 



30 The barometrical measurement of Sainte-Claire Deville (Voy. aux 

 Antilles, pp. 102118), in the year 1842, gave 3706 metres or 12,161 

 feet, nearly agreeing with the result (12,184 feet) of Borda's second 

 trigonometrical measurement in the year 1776, which I was enabled to 

 publish for the first time from the manuscript in the De'pot de la 

 Marine (Humboldt, Voy. aux Regions Equinox, t. i, pp. 116 and 275 

 287). Borda's first trigonometrical measurement, undertaken in con- 

 junction with Pingre" in the year 1771, gave, instead of 12,1 84 feet, 

 only 11,142 feet. The. cause of the error was the false reading of an 

 angle (33' instead of 53'), as was told me by Borda himself, to whose 

 great personal kindness I was indebted for much useful advice before 

 my voyage on the Orinoco. 



31 I follow Peutland's estimate of 12,367 feet, especially because 

 in Sir James Ross' Voyage of Discorery in the Antarctic Regions, 

 vol. i, p. 216, the height of the volcano, the eruptions of smoke and 

 flame from which were seen even in the day time, is given in round 

 numbers at 12,400 feet. 



32 With regard to Argseus, which Hamilton was the first to ascend and 

 measure barometrically (at 12,708 feet or 3905 metres), see Peter von 

 Tschichatscheff, Asie Mineure (1853), t. i, pp. 441449, and 571. In his 

 excellent work (Researches in Asia Minor), William Hamilton obtained 

 as the mean of one barometrical measurement and several angles of 

 elevation 13,000 feet; but if the height of Kaisarieh is 1000 feet less 

 than he supposes, it would be only 12,000 feet. See Hamilton, in Trans. 

 Geolog. Societi/, vol. v, pt. 3, 1840, p. 596. Towards the south-east from 

 Argseus (Erdschisch Dagh) in the great plain of Eregli, numerous very 

 email cones of eruption rise to the south of the village of Karabunar 

 and the mountain group Karadscha-Dagh. One of these, furnished 

 with a crater, has a singular shape like that of a ship, running out in 

 front like a beak. This crater is situated in a salt lake, on the road 

 from Kambunar to Eregli, at a distance of fully four miles from the 

 former place. The hill bears the same name (Tschichatscheff, t. i, p. 455; 

 William Hamilton, Researches in Asia Minor, vol. ii, p. 217). 



