266 COSMOS. 



(combustible) nature, as all describe it, appear, not only Etna, 

 bat also the districts around JMcsearchia and Naples, and 

 around Baiae and Pithecusa ;" and from this arose the fable 

 that Typhon lay under Sicily, and that, when he turned him- 

 self, flames and water burst forth, nay sometimes even small 

 islands with boiling water. " Frequently between Strongyle 

 and Lipara (in this wide district) flames have been seen burst- 

 ing forth at the surface of the sea, the fire opening itself a 

 passage out of the cavities in the depths and pressing upwards 

 with force." According to Pindar 69 the body of Typhon is of 



quently Etruscans, gave it such a name (apes were called apipoi, in the 

 Tyrrhenian; Strabo, lib. xiii, p. 626) remains very obscure> and is per- 

 haps connected with the myth, according to which the old inhabitants 

 were transformed into apes by Jxipiter. The name of the apes, aptpoi, 

 might relate to Arima or Arimer of Homer (Iliad, ii, 783) and Hesiod 

 (Theog. v. 301). The words tiv 'Apt/ioic of Homer, are contracted into 

 one word in some codices, and in this contracted form we find the 

 name in the Roman writers (Virgil, JEneid, ix, 716 ; Ovid, Meta- 

 morph. xiv, 88). Pliny (Hist. Nat. iii, 5) even says decidedly : 

 " ^Enaria, Homero Inarime dicta, Grsecis Pithecusa." .... 

 The Homeric country of the Arimer, Typhon's resting-place, was 

 sought, even in ancient times in Cilicia, Mysia, Lydia, in the volcanic 

 Pithecusse, at the crater Puteolanus, and in the Phrygian Phlegrsea, 

 beneath which Typhon once lay, and even in the Katakekaumene. 

 That apes should have lived within historical times upon Ischia, at such 

 a distance from the African coast is the more improbable, because, as 

 I have already observed elsewhere, the ancient presence of the apes 

 upon the Rock of Gibraltar does not appear to be proved, since Edrisi 

 (in the 12th century) and other Arabian geographers, who describe the 

 Straits of Hercules in such detail, do not mention them. Pliny also 

 denies the apes of ^Enaria, but derives the name of the Pithecusse in a 

 most improbable manner from TtiQoQ, dolium (a figlinis doliorum). 

 " It appears to me," says Bockh, " to be the main point in this investi- 

 gation, that Inarima is a name of the Pithecusse produced by learned 

 interpretation and fiction, just as Corey ra became Scheria ; and that 

 uEneas was probably only connected with the Pithecusse (JSneae 

 insulse) by the Romans, who find their progenitors everywhere in 

 these regions. ISTaevius also testifies to their connection with -5Cneas in 

 the first book of the Punic War." 



62 Pind. Pyth. i, 31. See Strabo, v, pp. 245 and 248, and xiii, p. 627. 

 We have already observed (Cosmos, vol. v, p. 208), that Typhon fled 

 from the Caucasus to Lower Italy, as though the myth would 

 indicate that the volcanic eruptions in the latter country were of 

 leas antiquity than those upon the Caucasian Isthmus. The consi- 

 deration of mythical views in popular belief cannot be separated either 

 from the geography or the history of volcanoes. The two often reci- 

 procally illustrate each other. That which was regarded upon the 



