280 COSMOS. 



volcanoes of Toluca and Colima, at a distance of 116 and 

 128 geog. miles from them, the new volcano of Jorullo (4265 

 feet) rose on the 14th September, 1759, in a broad plain, 

 having an elevation of 2583 feet. The local position of this 

 phenomenon in relation to the situation of the other Mexican 

 volcanoes, and the circumstance that the fissure from east 

 to west which I here indicate intersects the direction of 

 the great mountain chain striking from south-south-east to 

 north-north-west almost at right angles, are geological 

 phenomena no less important than the distance of the 

 eruption of Jorullo from the seas, the evidences of its up- 

 heaval which I have represented graphically in detail, the 

 innumerable fuming hornitos which surround the volcano, 

 and the fragments of granite, which I found immersed in 

 the lava poured forth from the principal volcano of Jorullo, 

 in a district which is destitute of granite for a long dis- 

 tance. 



The following table contains the special local determina- 

 tions and elevations of the series of volcanoes of Ana- 

 huac, upon a fissure which, running from sea to sea, inter- 

 sects the fissure of elevation of the great range of moun- 

 tains : 



p. 173. I had myself early raised doubts with regard to the astrono- 

 mical determination of the position of the volcano of Colima, near the 

 coast of the Pacific (Essai Polit. t. i, p. 68, t. ii, p. 180). According to 

 angles of altitude taken by Captain Basil Hall while under sail, the 

 volcano is situated in lat. 19 36', and consequently half a degree further 

 north than I concluded to be its position from Itineraries ; certainly 

 without absolute determinations for Selagua and Petatlan, upon which 

 I depended. The latitude, 19 25', which I have given in the text, is, 

 like the determination of altitude (12,005 feet), from Captain Beechey 

 ( Voyage, pt. ii, p. 587). The most recent map by Laurie (The Mexican 

 and Central States of America, 1853) gives 19 20' for the latitude. 

 The latitude of Jorullo may also be wrong by 2 3 minutes, as I was 

 then occupied entirely with geological and topographical investigations, 

 and neither the sun nor stars were visible for determinations of latitude. 

 (See Basil Hall, Journal written on the Coast of Chili, Peru, and Mexico, 

 1824, vol. ii, p. 379; Beechey, Voyage, pt. ii, p. 587; and Humbolclt, 

 Essai Polit. t. i, p. 68, t. ii, p. 180). In the true and exceedingly 

 artistic views of the volcano of Colima, drawn by Moritz Kugendas, 

 which are preserved in the Berlin Museum, we distinguish two adjacent 

 mountains, the true volcano, which constantly emits smoke, and is 

 covered with but little snow, and the more elevated Nevada, which 

 rises far into the region of perpetual snow. 



