286 COSMOS. 



According to these data the total number of volcanoes in 

 the five American groups is 91, of which 56 belong to the 



72 The series of volcanoes of Central America is enumerated iu the 

 notes 66 and 67. 



73 The group of New Granada and Quito includes the Paramo y 

 Volcan de Ruiz,* the volcanoes of Tolima, Purace",* and Sotara", near 

 Popayan ; the Volcan del Bio Fragua, an affluent of the Caqueta ; the 

 volcanoes of Paste, el Azufral,* Cumbal,* Tuquerres,* Chiles, Imba- 

 buru, Cotocachi, Rucu-Pichincha, Antisana(?), Cotopaxi,* Tungurahua,* 

 Capac-Urcu, or Altar de los Collanes(?), and Sangay.* 



74 The group of Southern Peru and Bolivia, includes from north to 

 south the following 14 volcanoes : 



Volcano of Chacani (also called Charcani, according to Curzon and 

 Meyen), belonging to the group of Arequipa and visible from the 

 town ; it is situated on the right bank of the Rio Quilca, in 

 lat. 16 11', according to Pentland, the most accurate geological 

 observer of this region, 32 miles to the south of the Nevado de 

 Chuquibamba, which is estimated at more than 19,000 feet in 

 height. Manuscript records in my possession give the volcano of 

 Chacani a height of fully 19,601 feet. Curzon saw a large crater 

 in the south-eastern part of the summit. 



Volcano of Arequipa* lat. 16 20', 12 miles to the north-east 

 of the town. With regard to its height (18,879 feet?) see p. 252. 

 Thaddaus Hanke, the botanist of the expedition of Malaspina 

 (1796), Samuel Curzon from the United States of North America 

 (1811) and Dr. Weddell (1847) have ascended the summit. In 

 August, 1831, Meyen saw large columns of smoke rising; a year 

 previously the volcano had thrown out scorise, but never lava- 

 streams (Meyen' s Reise um die Erde, Th. ii, s. 33). 



Volcan de Omato, lat. 16 50'; it had a violent eruption in the year 

 1667. 



Volcan de Uvillas or Uvinas, to the south of Apo ; its last eruptions 

 were in the sixteenth century. 



Volcan de Pichu-PicJiu, 16 miles to the east of the town of 

 Arequipa (lat. 16 25'), not far from the Pass of Cangallo, 9673 feet 

 above the sea. 



Volcan Viejo, lat 16 55', an enormous crater, with lava-streams and 

 much pumice-stone. 



The six volcanoes just mentioned, constitute the group of Are- 

 quipa. 



Volcan de Tacora or Chipicani, according to Pentland's fine map of 

 the lake of Titicaca, lat. 17 45', height 19,738 feet. 



Volcan de Bahama* 22,354 leet in height, lat. 18 7'; a truncated 

 cone of the most regular foim ; see p. 253. The volcano of 

 Sahama is (according to Pentland) 927 feet higher than tha 



