TRUE VOLCANOES. 289 



elevation and eruption, lavas, scoriae, pumice-stones and 

 obsidians) characterise them, without reference to any tra- 



The Peak of Tupungato is stated by Gilliss to be 22,450 English, or 

 21,063 Paris, feet in height, and in lat. 33 22' ; but in the map 

 of the province of Santiago by Pissis (Gilliss, p. 45), it is estimated 

 at 22,016 English, or 20,655 Paris, feet. The latter number is re- 

 tained (as 6710 metres) by Pissis in the Anales de Chile, 1850, 

 p. 12. 



(b.) Between the parallels of Valparaiso and Conception : 

 Volcano of Maypu*, according to Gilliss (vol.i, p. 13), in lat. 34 17', 

 (but in his general map of Chili, 33 47', certainly erroneously), 

 and 17,662 feet in height. Ascended by Meyen. The trachytic 

 rock of the summit has broken through upper Jurassic strata, in 

 which Leopold von Buch detected Exogyra Couloni, Trigonia cos- 

 tata and Ammonites biplex from elevations of 9600 feet (Descrip- 

 tion Physique des lies Canaries, 1836, p. 471). No lava streams, 

 but eruptions of flame and scoriae from the crater. 

 Volcano of Peteroa*, to the east of Talca, in lat. 34 53' ; a volcano 

 which is frequently in activity, and which, according to Molina's 

 description, had a great eruption on the 3rd December, 1762. It 

 was visited in 1831 by the highly-gifted naturalist, Gay. 



Volcan de Chilian, lat. 36 2' ; a region which has been described by 

 the missionary Havestadt of Minister. In its vicinity is situated 

 the Nevado Descabezado (35 1'), which was ascended by Domeyko, 

 and which Molina declared (erroneously) to be the highest moun- 

 tain of Chili. Its height has been estimated by Gilliss at 13,100 

 feet (U.S. Naval Astr. Exped., 1855, vol. i. pp. 16 and 371). 



Volcano of Tucapel, to the west of the city of Concepcion ; also 

 called Sill a Veluda ; perhaps an unopened trachytic mountain, 

 which is in connection with the active volcano of Antuco. 



(c) Between the parallels of Conception and Valdima : 

 Volcano of Antuco*, lat. 37 7'; geognostically described in detail by 

 Poppig; a basaltic crater of elevation, from the interior of 

 which a trachytic cone ascends, with lava-streams, which break 

 out at the foot of the cone, and more rarely from the crater at the 

 summit (Poppig, Reise in Chile and Peru, Bd. i. s. 364). One of 

 these streams was still flowing in the year 1828. The indefatig- 

 able Domeyko found the volcano in full activity in 1845, and its 

 height only 8920 feet (Pentland, in Mary Somerville's Physical 

 Geography, vol. i. p. 186). Gilliss states the height at 9242 feet, 

 and mentions new eruptions in the year 1853. According to 

 intelligence communicated to me by the distinguished American 

 astronomer, Gilliss, a new volcano rose out of the depths in the 

 interior of the Cordillera between Antuco and the Descabezado 

 on the 25th of November, 1847, forming a hill* of 320 feet. The 

 sulphureous and fiery eruptions were seen for more than a year 

 VOL. V. U 



