298 COSMOS. 



Horsfield, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and Reinwardt), by 

 a learned, bold, and untiringly active naturalist, Franz 

 Junghuhn. After a residence of more than twelve years he 

 has given the entire natural history of the country in an 

 instructive work, Java, its form, vegetable covering, and 

 internal structure. More than 400 elevations are carefully 

 determined barometrically; the volcanic cones and bell-shaped 

 mountains, 45 in number, are represented in profile, and all 

 but three 81 of them were ascended by Junghuhn. More than 

 half (at least 28) were found to be still burning and active ; 

 their remarkable and various profiles are described with 

 extraordinary clearness, and even the attainable history of 

 their eruptions is investigated. No less important than the 

 volcanic phenomena of Java are its sedimentary formations 

 of the Tertiary period, which were entirely unknown to us 

 before the appearance of the complete work just mentioned, 

 although they cover three- fiftlis of the entire area of the 

 island, especially in the southern parts. In many districts 

 of Java there occur, as the remains of former widely-spread 

 forests, fragments, from three to seven feet in length, of sili- 

 cified trunks of trees, which all belong to the Dicotyledons. 

 For a country in which at present an abundance of palms 

 and tree ferns grows, this is the more remarkable, because 

 in the Miocene tertiary rocks of the brown-coal formation 

 of Europe, where arborescent Monocotyledons no longer 

 thrive, fossil palms are not unfrequently met with. 82 By 

 a diligent collection of the impressions of leaves and fos- 

 silized woods, Junghuhn has been enabled to give us, as 

 the first example of the fossil Flora of a purely tropical 

 region, the ancient Flora of Java, ingeniously elaborated by 

 Goppert from his collection. 



As regards the elevation to which they attain, the vol- 

 canoes of Java are far inferior to those of the t/lncae groups 



s 1 Junghuhn, Java, Bd. i, s. 79. 



82 Op. cit. Bd. iii, s. 155, and Goppert, Die Tertiarflora auf der Insel 

 Java nach den Entdeckungen von Fr. Junghuhn (1854), s. 17. The 

 absence of Monocotyledons is, however, peculiar to the silicified trunks 

 of trees lying scattered upon the surface, and especially in the 

 rivulets of the district of Bantam; in the subterranean carbonaceous 

 strata, on the contrary, there are remains of palm-wood, belonging 

 to two genera (Flabellaria and Amesoneuron). See Goppert, s. 31 

 and 35. 



