302 COSMOS. 



not in the Sanscrit), is now not active. Bromo presents the 

 remarkable phenomenon that from 1838 to 1842 a lake was 

 formed in its funnel, of which Junghuhn has proved that 

 it owes its origin to the influx of atmospheric waters, which 

 have been heated and acidulated by the simultaneous pene- 

 tration of sulphurous vapours. 89 Next to Gunung Tengger, 

 Gunung Raon has the largest crater, but the diameter of 

 this is about one-half less. The view into the interior is 

 awe-inspiring. It appears to extend to a depth of more 

 than 2398 feet; and yet the remarkable volcano, 10,178 feet 

 in height, which Junghuhn has ascended and so carefully 

 described, 90 is not even named on the meritorious map of 

 Raffles. 



Like almost all linear volcanoes, the volcanoes of Java 

 exhibit the important phenomenon, that a simultaneity of 

 great eruptions is observed much more rarely in nearly ap- 

 proximated cones, than in those which are widely separated. 

 When, in the night of the llth and 12th of August, 1772, 

 the volcano Gunung Pepandajan (7034 feet) burst forth the 

 most destructive eruption that has taken place upon the 

 island within historical periods, two other volcanoes, the 

 Gunung Tjerimai and Gunung Slamat, became ignited on the 

 same night, although they lie in a straight line at a distance 

 of J 34 and 352 miles from Pepandajan. 91 Even if the vol- 

 canres of a series all stand over one focus, the net of fissures 

 through which they communicate is, nevertheless, certainly 

 BO constituted that the obstruction of old vapour-channels, 



89 Junghuhn, Java, Bd. ii, fig. ix. s. 572, 596, and 601604. From 

 1829 to 1848, the small crater of eruption of the Bromo had eight fiery 

 eruptions. The crater-lake, which had disappeared in 1842, had been 

 again formed in 1848, but according to the observations of B. van 

 Herwerden, the presence of the water in the chasm of the cauldron 

 had no effect in preventing the eruption of red-hot, widely-scattered 

 scoriae. 



90 Junghuhn, Bd. ii. s. 624641. 



91 The G. Pepandajan was ascended in 1819 by Reinwardt, and in 

 1837 by Junghuhn. The latter, who has accurately investigated the 

 vicinity of the mountain, consisting of detritus intermingled with 

 numerous angular, erupted blocks of lava, and compared it with the 

 earliest reports, regards the statement, which has been disseminated 

 by so many valuable works, that a portion of the mountain and an 

 area of several square miles sank during the eruption of 1772, as 

 greatly exaggerated (Junghuhn, Bd. ii. s. 98 and 100). 



