TRUE VOLCANOES. 307 



described, in great detail, three black, basaltic lava-streams 

 on three volcanoes : Gunung Tengger, Gunung Idjen, and 

 Slamat. 100 On the latter the lava-stream, after giving rise to 

 a water-fall, is continued into the tertiary rocks. 1 From such 

 true effusions of lava, which, form coherent masses, Junghuhn 

 very accurately distinguishes, in the eruption of Gunung 

 Lamongan, 2 on the 6th July, 1838, what he calls a stone- 

 stream, consisting of glowing and usually angular fragments, 

 erupted in a row. " The crash was heard of the breaking 

 stones, which rolled down, like fiery points, either in a line 

 or without any order." 1 purposely direct especial attention 

 to the very various modes in which fiery masses appear on 

 the slopes of a volcano, because in the dispute upon the 

 maximum angle of fall of lava-streams, glowing streams of 

 stones (masses of scoriae) following each other in rows, are 

 sometimes confounded with continuous lava-streams. 



As the important problem of the rarity or complete defici- 

 ency of lava-streams in Java, a problem which touches on the 



themselves in part, obliquely or perpendicularly, by the inequality of 

 the internal movement and the evolution of hot gases ; and when, 

 in this way, several lava-streams, flowing together, form a lava lake, 

 as in Iceland, a field of detritus or fragments is produced on their 

 cooling. The Spaniards, especially in Mexico, call such a district, 

 which is very disagreeable to pass over, a malpais. Such lava-fields, 

 which are often found in the plain at the foot of a volcano, remind 

 one of the frozen surface of a lake, with short, upraised ice-blocks. 



100 The name G. Idjen, according to Buschmann, may be explained 

 by the Javanese word hidjdn, singly, alone, separately : a derivative 

 from the substantive hidji or widji, grain, seed, which with sa ex- 

 presses the number one. With regard to the etymology of G. 

 Tengger, see the important work of my brother upon the connections 

 between Java and India (Kawi-Sprache, Bd. i, s. 188\ where there 

 is a reference to the historical importance of the Tengger Mountain, 

 which is inhabited by a small tribe of people, who, opposed to the 

 now general Mahomedanism of the island, have retained their ancient 

 Indo-Javanic faith. Junghuhn, who has very industriously explained 

 the names of mountains from the Kawi language says (Th. ii. s. 554), 

 that in the Kawi, Tengger signifies hill ; the word also receives the 

 same signification in Gericke's Javanese Dictionary (Javaansch-neder- 

 duitsch Woordenboek. Amst., 1847). Slamat, the name of the high 

 volcano of Tegal, is the well-known Arabic word selamat, which sig- 

 nifies happiness and safety. 



1 Junghuhn, Bd. ii. Slamat, 8. 153 and 163 ; Idjen, . C98; Tengger, 

 a. 773. 



2 Bd. ii. s. 760762. 



x 2 



