350 COSMOS. 



of lava, from craters there are, counting from north to south, 

 those of the Eifel (Mosenberg, Geroldstein) furthest to the 

 north ; the great crater of elevation in which Schemnitz is 

 situated; Auvergne (Ghame des Puys or of the Monts 

 Domes, le Gone du Cantal, les Monts-Dore} ; Vivarais, in 

 which the ancient lavas have broken out from gneiss (Coupe 

 d'yAsac, and the cone of Montpezat) ; Yelay : eruptions of 

 scorise from which no lavas issue ; the Euganean hills ; the 

 Alban mountains, Rocca Monfina and Vultur, near Teano and 

 Melfi ; the extinct volcanoes about Olot and Castell Follit 

 in Catalonia j 43 the island group, las Columbretes, near the 

 coast of Valencia (the sickle-shaped larger island Colum- 

 braria of the Romans, upon which Montcolibre, latitude 

 3954' according to Captain Smyth, is full of obsidian and 

 cellular trachyte); the Greek island "Nisyros, one of the 

 Carpathian Sporades, of a perfectly round form, in the 

 middle of which, at an elevation of 2270 feet according to 

 Ross, there is a deep, walled cauldron with a strongly deto- 

 nating solfatara, from which at one time radiating lava- 

 streams poured themselves into the sea, where they now 

 form small promontories, and furnished volcanic millstones 

 in Strabo's time (Ross, JReisen auf den qriecliischen Inseln, 

 Bd. ii, s. 69 and 7278). For the British islands we 

 have here still to mention, on account of the antiquity of 

 the formations, the remarkable effects of submarine vol- 

 canoes upon the strata of the lower Silurian formation 

 (Llandeilo strata) cellular volcanic fragments being baked 

 into these strata, whilst, according to Sir Roderick Murchi- 

 son's important observation, even eruptive trapp-masses pene- 

 trate into lower Silurian strata in the Corndon mountains 

 (Shropshire and Montgomeryshire) ;** the dyke-phenomena 

 of the isle of Arran ; and the other points in which the in- 

 terference of volcanic activity is visible, although no traces 

 of true platforms are to be discovered. 



43 With regard to Vivarais and Velay, see the very recent and accu- 

 rate researches of Girard in his GeologiscJien Wandcrungen, Bd. i, 

 (1856) s. 161, 173 and 214. The ancient volcanoes of Olot were 

 discovered by the American geologist Maclure in 1808, visited by Lyell 

 in 1830, and well described and figured by the latter in his Manual of 

 Geology 1855, pp. 535 542. 



41 Sir Roderick Murchison, Siluria, pp. 20 and 5558 (Lyell, 

 Manual, p. 563). 



