364 COSMOS. 



Sopka (lat. 53 19'), 11,210 feet high, according to Lutke, 

 t. iii, p. 84. This mountain is rich in obsidian, which the 

 Kamtschatkans so late as the last century made into arrow- 

 heads, as the Mexicans and the ancient Greeks used to do. 



Jupanowa Sopka, lat. according to Erman's calculation 

 (Reise, Bd. iii, s. 469) 53 32'. The summit is pretty flat, 

 and the traveller just mentioned expressly states " that this 

 Sopka, on account of the smoke it emits, and its perceptible 

 subterranean rumbling, is always compared to the mighty 

 Schiwelutsch, and reckoned among the undoubted igneous 

 mountains." Its height, as measured by Liitke from the 

 sea, is 9055 feet. 



Kronotskaja Sopka, 10,609 feet, at the lake of the same 

 name, lat. 54 8' ; a smoking crater on the summit of the 

 very sharp-pointed conical mountain (Liitke, Voyage, t. iii, 

 p. 85). 



The volcano Schiwelutsch, 20 miles south-east of Jelowka, 

 respecting which we possess an admirable work by Erman 

 (Reise, Bd. iii, s. 261317, and Phys. Beob., Bd. i, s. 400 

 403) previous to whose journey the mountain was almost 

 unknown. Northern peak, lat. 56 40', height 10,544 feet ; 

 southern peak, lat. 56 39', height 8793 feet. When Erman 

 ascended the Schiwelutsch in September, 1829, he found it 

 smoking vehemently. Great eruptions took place in 1739, 

 and between 1790 and 1810; the latter consisting, not of 

 flowing, melted lava, but of ejections of loose volcanic stones. 

 C. von Dittmar relates that the northern peak fell in during 

 the night from the 17th to 18th February 1854. At that 

 time an eruption which still continues took place, accom- 

 panied by genuine streams of lava. 



Tolbatschinskaja Sopka ; smoking violently, but in earlier 

 times frequently changing the openings through which it 

 ejected its ashes. According to Erman, lat. 55 51' and 

 height 8313 feet. 



TJschinskaja Sopka; closely connected with the Kliuts- 

 chewsker volcano ; lat. 56 0', height 11,723 feet (Buch, Can. 

 p. 452 ; Landgrebe, Volkane, vol. i, p. 375). 



Kliutschewskaja Sopka (56 4') : the highest and most ac- 

 tive of all the volcanoes of the peninsula of Kamtschatka ; 

 thoroughly examined by Erman, both geologically and hyp- 

 sonietrically. According to KraschenikofFs report, the 



