370 COSMOS. 



Pyrenees. Of this space, if we disregard the slight devia- 

 tion towards the north in Java, 1620 miles belong to the 

 east and west direction, and 1080 to the south-east and 

 north-west. 



Thus do general geological considerations on form and 

 range lead uninterruptedly in the island-world on the 

 east coast of Asia (over the immense space of 68 of 

 latitude) from the Aleutian Isles and Behring's Sea to the 

 Moluccas and the Great and Little Sunda lies. The greatest 

 variety in the configuration of the land is met with in the 

 parallel-zone of 5 north and 10 south latitude. It is very 

 remarkable how generally the line of eruption in the larger 

 portions is repeated in a neighboring smaller portion. Thus 

 a long range of islands lies near the south coast of Sumatra 

 and parallel to it. We find the same appearances in the 

 smaller phenomena of the mineral veins as in the greater 

 ones of the mountain ranges of whole continents. Accom- 

 panying debris running by the side of the principal vein, 

 and secondary chains (chaines accompagnantes) lie frequently 

 at considerable distances from each other. They indicate 

 similar causes and similar tendencies of the formative action 

 in the folding in of the crust of the earth. The conflict of 

 powers in the contemporaneous openings of fissures in op- 

 posite directions appears sometimes to occasion strange 

 formations in juxtaposition, as may be seen in the Molucca 

 Islands, Celebes, and Kilolo. 



After developing the internal geological connection of the 

 East and South A.siatic insular system, in order not to deviate 

 from the long-adopted, though somewhat arbitrary, geo- 

 graphical divisions and nomenclature, we place the southern 

 limit of the Eastern Asiatic insular range (the turning point) 

 at Formosa, where the line of direction runs off from the 

 N.E.S.W. to the N. S., in the 24th degree of north 

 latitude. The enumeration proceeds again from north to 

 south, beginning with the eastern, and more American, 

 Aleutian Islands. 



The Aleutian Isles, which abound in volcanoes, include, in 

 the direction from east to west, the Fox Islands, among 

 which are the largest of all, Unimak, Unalaschka, and 

 TJmnak ; the Andrejanowsk Isles, of which the most 

 famous are Atcha, with three smoking volcanoes, and the 



