TRUE VOLCANOES. 375 



early as 1596 in these words : i The island has a volcano, 

 which is a sulphur, or fiery mountain.' It occurs also on 

 the oldest Dutch sea-charts under the name of Vulcanus 

 (Fr. von Siebold, Atlas vom Jap. Seiche, Tab. xi). Kru- 

 senstern saw it smoking in 1804, as did Captain Blake in 

 1838, and Gue"rin and De la Roche Poncie in 1846. The 

 height of the cone, according to the latter navigator, is 2345 

 feet (715 met.) The rocky islet mentioned as a volcano by 

 Landgrebe in the NaturgeschicJite der VulJcane (Bd. i, 

 s. 355), and which, according to Kampfer, is near Firato 

 (Firando), is imdoubtedly Ivo-sima, for the group to which 

 Ivo-sima belongs is called Kiusiu ku sima, i.e., the nine 

 islands of Kiusiu, and not the ninty-nine islands. A group 

 of this description occurs near Firato, northward of Naga- 

 saki, and no where else in Japan. (4) The island of Ohosima 

 (Barneveld's Island; Krusenstern's He de Vries), which is 

 considered part of the province of Idsu, on Niphon, and 

 lies in front of the Bay of Yodavara, in 34 42' N. lat. and 

 139 26' E. long. Broughton saw smoke issuing from the 

 crater in 1797, a violent eruption of the volcano having 

 taken place a short time previous. From this island a range 

 of smaller volcanic isles stretches out in a southerly direction 

 as far as Fatsi-syo (33 6' N. lat.), and continues as far as the 

 Bonin Islands (26 30' N. lat. and 142 5' E. long.), which, 

 according to A. Postels (Liitke, Voyage autour du Monde 

 dans les annees 1826 29, t. iii, p. 117) are likewise vol- 

 canic and are subject to veiy violent earthquakes." 



" These, then, are the eight volcanoes historically known 

 to be active in Japan Proper, in and near the islands of 

 Kiusiu and Niphon. But in addition to these volcanoes a 

 range of conical mountains must also be cited, some of which, 

 marked by very distinct and often deeply indented craters, 

 appear to be volcanoes long since extinct. One of these is 

 the conical mountain of Kaimon, Krusenstern's Pic Homer 

 in the southernmost part of the island of Kiusiu, on the 

 coast of Yan Diemen's Strait, in the province of Satsum 

 (lat. 31 9'), scarcely six geographical miles SSW. from 

 the active volcano of Mitake. Another is the Kofusi, or 

 Little Fusi, on Sikok ; and another is on the islet of 

 Kutsuriasima. in the province of Ijo (lat. 33 45'), on the 

 eastern coast of the great straits of Suvo Nada or Yan der 



