312 APPENDIX BY THE 



NOTE Z. 



THE WINTEK GNAT, (tipula hiemalis) p. 189. 



Gnats are rarely indeed seen in our colder climate in 

 winter, but in England they are common, often dancing 

 gaily over the snow and ice of mid-winter. There are 

 said to be no less than thirty species of gnats found in 

 Great Britain, and they are all aquatic in their origin. 

 The female launches her eggs on the water, in the form 

 of a diminutive boat composed of two or three hundred 

 eggs, each of which taken separately is heavy enough to 

 sink, but so cleverly are they arranged in their skiff-like 

 form, that when thus glued together, they not only float 

 buoyantly, but it is next to impossible either to upset or 

 sink them permanently. The grub or larva issues from 

 the egg head downward, breathing through the tail. The 

 second or pupa stage of existence is also passed in the 

 water, whence it rises at length the winged insect with 

 which we are familiar. Our musquitoes are members of 

 the same culex family, and resemble very closely the win- 

 ter gnat of England. The English gnats however are 

 quite harmless, with the exception of an occasional bite 

 from the females of the tribe. 



NOTE AA. " . 



BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, page 192. 



Mr. Knapp mentions in his journal the following but- 

 terflies and moths : The sulphur or brimstone, gtmepteryx 

 rhamni, (see Note M ;) ghost moth, hepialus kumuli; blue 

 argus, papilio argus; painted lady, papilio cardui; marble 

 butterfly, p. galathea; humming bird hawkmoth, sphinx 

 ttellatarum; brown meadow butterfly, p. janira; the 



