94 LECTURE XI. 



of the freedom and spirit of an original drawing. When the ink is used, 

 a little acid is afterwards applied to the stone, in order to corrode its inter- 

 mediate parts ; and the bold style of the impression much resembles that of 

 the old wooden cuts. 



The art of printing with separate types was invented soon after the 

 introduction of wooden blocks into Europe.* The improvement was great 

 and important. The year 1443, or 1444, is considered as the date of the 

 oldest printed book ; but the precise time and place of the invention remain 

 somewhat doubtful: the art, however, advanced towards perfection by 

 very rapid steps. The letters are first cut, in a reversed form, on steel 

 punches ; with these a matrix of copper is stamped, and the matrix forms 

 the lower part of the mould in which the types are cast ; the metal is a 

 composition of lead and antimony, which is easily fusible. Thus the 

 printed sheet is the fourth form of the letter, reckoning from the original 

 engraving on the punch : in the stereotype printing, lately invented, or 

 rather improved and revived, it is the sixth. In this method, when a form 

 for the side of a sheet has been composed, made up, corrected, and locked 

 up by wedges in the chase or iron frame which confines it, a mould of the 

 whole is formed in fine plaster, and as many repetitions of it may be cast 

 very thin, in type metal, as will serve to print for the use of a century, 

 without the expense of keeping a large quantity of types made up, or of 

 providing paper for a numerous impression at once. 



The modes of arranging the types in boxes or cases, of composing the 

 separate lines on the stick, and making them up by degrees into pages and 

 forms, of correcting the press, of applying the ink, and taking off the 

 impression, are entirely calculated for the simplicity and convenience of 

 the manual operations concerned, and require little or no detailed expla- 

 nation. 



LECT. XLADDITIONAL AUTHORITIES. 



Sculpture, Painting, Sfc. Behnes's Machine for Sculpture, Tr. of the Soc. of 

 Arts, XXXVII. Jesuit's Perspective, 4to. Brook Taylor's Linear Perspective 

 1715 and 1811. Monge Geometric Descriptive, 4to, Paris. Edwards's Perspec- 

 tive, 4to, 1803. Creswell's Perspective, Camb. 1812. Courtonne, Deidier, Laine, 

 Ozanam, Faucaud, Lavit, Traites de Perspective. Laurent, Theorie de la Peinture, 

 1827. Montabert, Dessein Lineaire enseigne aux Ouvriers, 1831. Bardwell, 

 1834. Rider, 1836. Hall, Practical Geometry, &c. 1841. A brief Elementary 

 Treatise on Projections is given in the Appendix to Maddy's Astronomy, Camb. 

 1826. 



Engraving. Evelyn's Art of Engraving, 1662. Papillon, Traite Historique de 

 laGravure en Bois, 1766. Lowry's Ruling Machine, Nich. Jour. ii. 523. Accum 

 on Etching on Glass, ibid. iv. 1. Bartsch Peintre Graveur, 21 vols. Vienna, 

 1808. Ottley's Hist, of Engraving, 2 vols. 4to, 1816. Hullmandel's Manuel of 

 Lithography, 1820. Englemann, Manuel du Dessinateur Lithographique, Par. 1824. 

 Bregault, do. 1827. 



The inventor of Lithography was Alois Senefelder, of Munich. Andre was asso- 

 ciated with Senefelder, but has no claim to the invention. A patent for fifteen years 

 was granted to Senefelder in 1799. The art has now arrived at a high state of per- 

 fection. 



* Consult Hansard's Typographia, 1825. 



