ON PNEUMATIC MACHINES. 259 



more or less rapidly, to the degree that may be required for raising a por- 

 tion of the water contained in it to any given height. Mr. Whitehurst 

 appears to have been the first that employed this method ;* it was after- 

 wards improved by Mr. Boulton ;t and the same machine has lately at- 

 tracted much attention in France under the denomination of the hydraulic 

 ram of Mr. Montgolfier.J (Plate XXIII. Fig. 323.) 



LECT. XXVIII. ADDITIONAL AUTHORITIES. 



Strada, Wasserkunsten, fol. Frankfort, 1617 ; Cologne, 1623. De Caus, Inven- 

 tions Hydrauliques, translated into English by Leak, fol. 1659. Morland, Elevation 

 des Eaux, 1685. Papin's Engine for Raising Water, Ph. Tr. 1686, p. 283. Recueil, 

 Cassel, 1695. In the vols. of the Hist. et,Mem. de 1' Acad. de Paris are the follow- 

 ing : Lafaye's Hydraulic Machine, 1717, p. 67, H. 70. Mey and Meyer's do. 

 1726, H. 71. Lebrun's do. 1731, H. 91 ; his Piston, 1735, H. 102. Drussen's 

 Puinp, ibid. Renon's Mach. ibid. Bertier's Mach. ibid. Pitot's Theory of Pumps, 

 1735, p. 327, H. 72 ; 1739, p. 393 ; 1740, p. 511. Camus on the Best Application 

 of Buckets, 1739, p. 157, H. 49 ; on the Best Proportion of Pumps, 1739, p. 287, 

 H. 49. Gensanne on Pumps, 1741, H. 163. Geffrier's Hyd. Mach. 1743, H. 168. 

 Thillay's Fire Engine, 1746, H. 120. Bonnet's, 1749, H. 182. Jacquet's Piston, 

 1752, H. 148. D'Arcy, 1754, p. 699, H. 138. Veltman, 1756, H. 129. Varan, 

 1760, H. 162. Limbourg, 1761, H. 154. Loritt's Endless Chain, 1761, H. 161. 

 Deparcieux, 1762, p. 1, H. 182. Nollet's Pumps, 1766, H. 150, Borda on Pumps, 

 1768, p. 418, H. 122. Quentin, 1769, H. 130. Bertier, 1770, H. 117. Recueil 

 d' Ouvrages Curieux de Math, et de Mec. ; ou Description du Cabinet de M. Grol- 

 lier de Serviere par son Petit Fils, Lyons, 1719. Briickmann and Weber's Elemen- 

 tar Maschine, Cassel, 1720. Beighton on the Water Works at London Bridge, Ph. 

 Tr. 1731, p. 5. Churchman's Engine, Ph. Tr. 1734, p. 402. Weidler, Tractatus de 

 Mach. Hydraul. Leipz. 1728. Besson's Theatre, Lyons, 1579. Bocker's Theatrum, 

 1661. Tielen en Von der Host's do. Policy's do. Amst. 1737. Van Zyl's do. 

 Amst. 1761. Euler on Pumps, Hist, et Mem. de Berlin, 1752, pp. 149, 185. 

 Landriani on the Rope Pump, Geneva, 1782. Perronet, Description des Projetsdes 

 Fonts de Neuilly, 1783. Baaden, Theorie der Pumpen, 4to, Bayr, 1797. Close's 

 Method of Raising Water, Nich. Jour. iv. 293, 493, 8vo. i. 145. Application of the 

 Siphon, iv. 547 ; v. 22, 8vo. i. 27. Person, Recueil de Mechanique, 4to, Paris, 1802. 

 Dietot's Danaide, Thomson's Annals of Philosophy, ii. 412. Ewbank's Descriptive 

 and Historical Account of Hydraulic Machines, New York, 1842, very copious, 

 interesting, and curious. 



LECTURE XXIX. 



ON PNEUMATIC MACHINES. 



PNEUMATIC machines are such as are principally dependent, in their 

 operation, upon the properties of elastic fluids ; they may be calculated 

 either for diminishing or increasing their density and pressure, as air 

 pumps and condensers ; or for directing and applying their force, as bel- 

 lows, ventilators, steam engines, and guns. 



. * Ph.Tr. 1775, Ixv. 277. 



f Repertory of Arts, 1798, vol. ix. 



J Journal de Physique, xlvi. 143. Brunacci, Trattato dello Ariete Hydraulico, 

 4to, Milan, 1813. 



s2 



