324 ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURE 



Both types of animals need good digestion, good lungs 

 and good circulation. These are indicated by large abdo- 

 men, well-developed chest, soft, pliable skin, and general 

 vigorous appearance. 



The dairy animal is wedge-shaped. In Fig. 163 the top 

 and bottom lines approach each other in the forepart of the 

 body. If viewed from above, the side lines also approach. 

 The beef animal has a much better development of the 

 fore-quarters. The top and bottom lines are parallel. 

 The animal is shaped like a brick set on edge. The neck, 

 shoulders and thighs of a dairy cow are thin and lean. 

 Her loin is also lean. Her hip and tail bones are promi- 

 nent. If she used her food in developing these parts, it 

 would be at the expense of milk-production. But all these 

 parts need to be well developed in a beef animal. The 

 highest - priced cuts of meat come from the loin. The 

 back should, therefore, be broad and full. The thighs and 

 shoulders should be full and heavy. The dairy animal 

 needs a large udder and large milk - veins that extend 

 from the udder about half way along the abdomen and 

 there enter it. If these veins are large, they indicate a 

 large flow of blood from the udder. This is necessary 

 if much milk is to be produced. 



290. Care of Beef and Dairy Cattle. Beef and dairy 

 cattle require very different care, so much so that men 

 in dairy regions rarely know how to handle beef cattle, 

 and the few dairymen in beef-producing regions usually 

 do not know how to care for dairy animals. Dairy ani- 

 mals need to be warmly housed in well-ventilated barns, 

 and need much attention. Beef animals require much 

 less attention. Careful experiments by Armsby and the 



