i8o ROUGH WAYS MADE SMOOTH. 



l The process is of the same kind as that employed for the 

 induction of the "biological" state; the only difference lying 

 in the greater intensity of the gaze, and in the more complete 

 concentration of will upon the direction of the eyes, which 

 the nearer approximation of the object requires for the 

 maintenance of the convergence. In hypnotism, as in 

 ordinary somnambulism, no remembrance whatever is pre- 

 served in the waking state of anything that may have 

 occurred during its continuance ; although the previous 

 train of thought may be taken up and continued uninterrup- 

 tedly on the next occasion that the hypnotism is induced. 

 And when the mind is not excited to activity by the stimu- 

 lus of external impressions, the hypnotised subject appears 

 to be profoundly asleep ; a state of complete torpor, in fact, 

 being usually the first result of the process, and any subse- 

 quent manifestation of activity being procurable only by the 

 prompting of the operator. The hypnotised subject, too, 

 rarely opens his eyes ; his bodily movements are usually 

 slow ; his mental operations require a considerable time in 

 their performance ; and there is altogether an appearance of 

 heaviness about him, which contrasts strongly with the com- 

 paratively wide-awake air of him who has not passed beyond 

 the ordinary " biological " state .' 



We must note, however, :n passing, that the condition of 

 complete hypnotism had been obtained in several instances 

 by some of the earlier experimenters in animal magnetism. 

 One remarkable instance was communicated to the surgical 

 section of the French Academy on April 16, 1829, by Jules 

 Cloquet. Two meetings were entirely devoted to its investi- 

 gation. The following account presents all the chief points 

 of the case, surgical details being entirely omitted, however, 

 as not necessary for our present purpose : A lady, aged 

 sixty-four, consulted M. Cloquet on April 8, 1829, on ac- 

 count of an ulcerated cancer of the right breast which had 

 continued, gradually growing worse, during several years. 

 M. Chapelain, the physician attending the lady, had 

 ' magnetised ' her for some months, producing no remedial 



