22 THE ROYAL FORESTS OF ENGLAND 



the bounds. Hence, long after definite wages had become 

 customary, attempts were made to maintain these boarding 

 arrangements. These wages in kind for themselves, their 

 horses, and their dogs, were termed picture, or putre. A case 

 occurs in the Year Book of Edward III. of a claim of this 

 kind made by a forester of Inglewood against the abbot of 

 St. Mary's, York. He claimed food and drink at the table of 

 the abbot's servants on every Friday, together with the right 

 to carry away, whenever he pleased, a flagon of the best ale, 

 two tallow candles, a bushel of oats for his horse, and a loaf 

 of black bread for his dog. 



Special provision was made against this levying of payment 

 in kind by the foresters or their servants, in the Forest Charter 

 of 1217. A statute of 25 Edward III. also strictly forbade 

 4 'the gatheringe of vitailes nor other thing by colour of their 

 office against anye man's wil within their bayliwick" by all 

 forest ministers, but at the same time left a loophole for its 

 continuance by exempting that which was "due of olde right." 

 Future disputes were a special grievance in the Lancashire 

 forests, where this charge on the tenants became commuted for 

 a money payment. 



The drink money of the Dartmoor foresters went by the 

 name of poutura in the thirteenth century. 



The position of the woodward of a forest, as distinguished 

 from a forester, is often misunderstood. The woodward, 

 though primarily responsible for the actual timber or under- 

 wood, as the name implies, was also, as a rule, a forester 

 that is, he was at the same time responsible for the venison. 

 To understand their position, it must be remembered that all 

 the lands within a king's forest were never entirely demesne. 

 In every forest there were various woods which were private 

 property ; but they were subject to general forest jurisdiction, 

 such as the free ingress and egress of the king's game. Nor 

 could the owners, without the king's licence, do anything 

 therein, such as clearing away growing timber for cultivation, 

 building houses or sheds, establishing forges, or burning char- 

 coal, that might be held to do damage or cause annoyance 

 to the deer. To look after their rights, such wood owners 

 were allowed, nay, were required, to have officials termed wood- 

 wards to guard the king's venison, and therefore they were 



