24 THE ROYAL FORESTS OF ENGLAND 



under certain restrictions; and pigs, from nth September to 

 nth November. But each forest had its own peculiarities. 

 Horse-breeding establishments, or stud farms, were an early 

 institution in Peak Forest ; whilst cattle were the predominating 

 feature of Dartmoor. Sheep were usually specially restricted. 

 Goats were at all times peculiarly disliked by deer, and very 

 rarely permitted. As a rule, agisters were expected to report 

 to the verderers, or direct to the swainmote, cases of illegal 

 agistment, or of escapes of animals into the forest. 



Rangers were officials that are not heard of till towards the 

 end of the fourteenth century ; their duties were originally 

 confined to seeing that forest law was duly observed in the 

 outlands or purlieus of the forest. Their office corresponded 

 in some respects with that of the mounted forester. 



The regarders were responsible for the regard or survey of 

 the forest, which has been already explained. Less than twelve 

 could not make a certificate of their "view," so more than that 

 number were generally appointed. When making their regard, 

 they were to require the presence with them of the foresters 

 and woodwards. The regarders, or some of them, were ex- 

 pected to be present at every removing swainmote. 



Another class of officers, of which there are many in such 

 forests as Duffield, were the parkers or keepers of the different 

 parks. They not infrequently had under them palers, palesters, 

 or palifers, who were permanently employed to maintain the 

 pale fences of the parks. 



