HOUNDS AND HUNTING 59 



four others, of having fixed halters (capistra) and other snares 

 in a place called Brodeles, and there with a halter caught, 

 suspended, and killed a doe, whilst others after a like fashion 

 had killed a red deer's fawn. They were convicted, and 

 ordered to appear before the justices at Westminster within 

 fifteen days. 



The forest proceedings at the Waltham swainmotes of the 

 seventeenth century mention various devices then in use in 

 Essex for the killing of deer, such as "engines called wyers, 

 engines made of ropes, withes, dear-hays, buckstalls, and 

 tramels, and other nets." Mr. Fisher tells us that one of these 

 nets, described as a " thief net," was baited with bottles, flowers, 

 and looking-glasses ; an apparatus designed to practise upon 

 the curiosity of the deer. One man was presented for pitch- 

 ing halters about a grove; another for "hanging a lyne in 

 a creepe-hole to ketch a deer." 



Among the Cotton collection of the British Museum (Tib. 

 A. vii.), is a fourteenth-century illuminated manuscript called 

 The Pilgrim. The pilgrim meets with every variety of tempta- 

 tion at the hands of the devil. Entering a forest district, he is 

 tempted by the Evil One to catch both fish and game, and is 

 taught how to net and snare both river and woods. The 

 picture of this incident (Plate vm.) gives a realistic idea of 

 the commoner forms of deer snaring. 



CHEMINAGE and FENCE MONTH. It has been disputed 

 whether the term "cheminage" that is to say, way-leave or 

 passage through a forest in return for payment was ever used 

 apart from the fence month. In particulars to be inquired 

 into by the jury of the Duchy of Lancaster, in the honour of 

 Pickering, one of the articles runs : 



" Whoe receiveth the Chummage yearlie within the foreste, 

 namelie, a tax upon cartes and cariages, traveylinge over the 

 foreste in fence moneth, formerlie sometimes xiily. \\\\d. per annum, 

 t sometimes more ? " 



Nevertheless, at various dates, the term "cheminage" is 

 frequently used without any limitation to a particular month, 

 and is perhaps best defined as a toll for wayfarage through 

 a forest. 



The chymynagium of Duffield Frith pertained to Robert 



