74 THE ROYAL FORESTS OF ENGLAND 



underwood, or standing trees, provided they could not pay 

 the fine. 



Certain Elizabethan forest surveys, such as those for Duffield 

 Frith, give the fullest possible particulars as to forest timber 

 and undergrowth, enumerating every tree. 



A survey of the timber of the Lancaster forests taken in 

 1587 supplies much detailed information. Quernmore forest 

 is described as having a circuit of six miles. In it was Easton 

 wood of six acres, set with alder, hazel, and whitethorn of 

 forty years' growth, worth IDS. the acre, and also containing 

 five score small sapling for timber trees, worth $s. each. In 

 another wood, called New Kent, were forty dotard oaks for 

 firewood, worth 2s. each ; and forty small saplings, worth 5^. 

 each. Dickson Carr, "sundray besett with aller (alder) of an 

 evil growth," was to be got up and new planted. Details are 

 also given of four other small woods within the park, and 

 there were in addition 140 dotard oaks, worth 2s. each, stand- 

 ing about in different places. 



Full particulars are also given of Quernmore forest, outside 

 the park ; the largest wood, Hollinhead, was four miles about, 

 and contained 100 saplings, worth 6s. 8d. each ; on Rowend 

 Hill were 128 oaks, worth 'js. each; at Ashpotts were alder 

 and hazel of twenty years' growth, worth 4^. an acre ; and on 

 another hill 212 small saplings, at 5^. each, etc. This timber 

 was reserved for the repair of Lancaster Castle, and of the 

 tenants' houses, when they had need, on the testimony of six 

 sworn men, and of the fish garths and weirs on the waters of 

 the Lune. From 1577 to 1587 eighty timber trees had been 

 supplied for the repair of that castle at an average value of 

 6s. 8d. a tree. Three hundred and fifty trees had been used in 

 that period for firebote and housebote of the tenants, eighty 

 for fish garths and weirs, twenty for park gates and dogstakes, 

 and forty dotard trees for fuel. A single fee-tree, in addition 

 to 2s. worth of fuel wood, was also granted yearly to the 

 auditor, receiver, surveyor, head steward, clerk of the court, 

 woodward, and axebearer. 



In Wyersdale, this survey shows that there were a good 

 many ash and birch trees, as well as holly, alder, blackthorn, 

 and whitethorn. The tenants were entitled to the wood they 

 required for repairs on the testimony of six sworn men. 



