CHAPTER XIX 



THE NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES: JAVA 



Continued 



The labour-supply Rate of wages Working hoursDiscipline 

 on plantations Housing accommodation and food Sanitary con- 

 ditions Opening a rubber plantation Effects of interplanting 

 with Robusta coffee Weeding estates Tapping Health of 

 rubber-trees Expansion of the rubber industry Average yield 

 of trees Average cost of production at port of shipment 

 Expenditure analyzed Costs after shipment up to date of sale 

 Average cost per pound of rubber sold in 1913 Past exports and 

 future production Railways and roads in Java. 



THE population of Java is extraordinarily prolific if 

 the statistics furnished by the Dutch Government 

 represent the actual state of affairs. The first attempt 

 at a census of the inhabitants was made in 1815, under 

 the direction of Sir Stamford Raffles at the time of the 

 British occupation of the island; the figures then 

 returned were 4,390,661 for Java and 224,609 for 

 Madoera, a total of 4,615,270, of whom 4,499,250 were 

 natives. In 1878 the total had risen to 19,067,829, 

 including 200,303 Chinese, 29,998 Europeans, and 

 9,610 Arabs and other Orientals. In 1897 the returns 

 were 26,125,110 divided as to 51,731 Europeans, 261,107 

 Chinese, 17,075 Arabs, and 3,238 other foreigners. In 

 1912, the estimated total number of inhabitants was 

 given as between 34,000,000 and 35,000,000, an increase, 

 approximately, of 9,000,000 during the intervening 

 fifteen years. All indications are that the population 



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