74 A TREATISE ON HORSE-BREEDING. 



smaller space near the stalk were thus colored. On compar- 

 ing the color with that of the purple pod, both pods having 

 been first dried and then soaked with water, it was found to 

 be identically the same; and in both the color was confined 

 to the skin lying immediately beneath the outer skin of the 

 pod." 



Some of the peas were also clouded with purple, whereas 

 the tall sugar pea is a pale, greenish brown never purple. 

 Darwin collects a number of other instances in which the 

 fruit or seed capsule was affected by fertilization with strange 

 pollen, in the case of stocks, palms, oranges, lemons, cucum- 

 bers, maize, daffodils, rhododendrons, cress and apples. 

 Perhaps the latter furnish the most important examples. 

 The fruit here consists of the lower part of the calyx and the 

 upper part of the flower-peduncle in a metamorphosed con- 

 dition, so that the effort of the foreign pollen has extended 

 even beyond the limits of the ovarium. Cases of apples thus 

 affected were recorded by Bradley in the early part of the 

 last century; and other cases are given in old volumes of the 

 "Philosophical Transactions." In one of these a russeting 

 apple- and an adjoining kind mutually affected each other's 

 fruits; and in another case a smooth apple affected a rough- 

 coated kind. Another instance has been given of two very 

 different apple trees growing close to each other, which bore 

 fruit resembling each other, but only on the adjoining 

 branches. It is, however, almost superfluous to adduce these 

 or other cases after that of the St. Valery apple, which from 

 the abortion of the stamens, does not produce pollen, but, 

 being annually fertilized by the girls of the neighborhood 

 with pollen of many kinds, bears fruit differing from each 

 other in size, flavor and color, but resembling in character 

 the hermaphrodite kinds by which they have been fertilized. 



Mr. Darwin evidently sees that his system would demand 

 that the gemmules from the strange pollen should serve to 

 fertilize or modify each other and distant flowers and buds 

 then being formed on the same tree, for he remarks: ' 'There 

 is not the least reason to believe that a branch which has 

 borne seed or fruit directly modified by foreign pollen is 

 itself affected so as subsequently to produce modified buds; 



