PREFACE 
WITHIN the last few years, as is well known, botanical 
geography has made great strides. The intimate rela- 
tion between the vegetative covering and the physical 
conditions has been in many cases thoroughly worked 
out, and all the more modern geographical text-books 
give at least some indication of the results obtained. 
On the other hand, the more difficult subject of the 
relation between the animals of the various natural 
regions and their surroundings has been much less 
fully treated by geographers. The facts have still 
mostly to be sought in zoological text-books, where 
they are treated from another point of view, and many 
even of the most recent geographical text-books show 
uncertainty of treatment when dealing with the 
animals of tropical forest and arctic tundra. The 
present book is an attempt to put the main facts 
connected with the distribution of animals in a form 
acceptable to the geographical student, and has been 
written by one whose approach to geography was first 
made from the biological side. 
The sources of the illustrations are indicated beneath 
each, and I am _ greatly indebted to the various 
gentlemen named for permission to reproduce their 
photographs. Special acknowledgement should be 
made to Sir Thomas Carlaw Martin, Director of 
