76 MOUNTAIN FAUNAS 
by sheep, and they have apparently even greater 
powers of climbing and leaping. 
As will be explained later, other types of ungulates 
also show adaptations to mountain life, especially in 
those regions which have no wild goats or sheep. Just 
as the two latter types of animals are of relatively 
recent origin, so it is probable are the adaptations to 
mountain life shown by other mountain ungulates. 
Indeed the fleeing to the mountains appears to be the 
latest phase in the long struggle between herbivores 
and carnivores. There is evidence that the herbivores 
acquired swiftness as the carnivores acquired intelli- 
gence and strength. As a general rule the latter seek 
to capture their prey by ruse rather than by direct 
pursuit, and in the open steppes and plains their task 
is relatively easy. To escape them, apparently, no less 
than to utilize the rich mountain pastures, some herbi- 
vores sought the heights, and there the carnivores can 
hardly be said to have followed them, there being few 
large flesh-eaters at great elevations. Indeed the chief 
flesh-eating animals of the mountain ranges of the 
globe are the vultures and their allies, always con- 
spicuous in such regions. 
For convenience’ sake we shall take a rapid syste- 
matic survey of the animal kingdom in studying moun- 
tain animals, but it may be noted first that as forest, 
steppe, and tundra are all represented on mountains, 
it is natural that animals from all these regions should 
occur there. 
For example, in the Himalayas we find that those 
truly arboreal animals, the Primates or monkeys, are 
represented high up in the region of coniferous forests, 
where, doubtless, like the ungulates, they find relative 
security from the great carnivores. The characteristic 
