MOUNTAIN FAUNAS 83 
the snow. In the male the horns are large and massive, 
while the female has smaller and thinner structures. 
Like all their allies, the animals are very wary and 
agile. 
The goats are mostly distinguished from the sheep 
by the presence of a beard on the chin, and by the 
strong odour of the males. They also are mountain 
animals, their distribution showing a remarkable 
analogy to that of the sheep, except that there is no 
true American goat. Some ten species of wild goat 
occur in the Old World, and of these, two species, the 
ibex of Abyssinia and the Arabian wild goat, which 
extends into Upper Egypt, enter Africa. The remainder 
occur in the mountain regions of Europe or of Central 
Asia. In Europe there is a curious tendency for the 
(isolated) mountain chains to have peculiar species of 
goats. Thus there is a Spanish wild goat, sometimes 
called an ibex ; the Alpine ibex, now exterminated as 
a wild animal, is peculiar to that chain, and no less 
than three species of wild goats inhabit the Caucasus. 
Of the Asiatic species the most attractive is the markhor 
(Capra falconeri) of the Himalayas, with long spirally 
twisted horns in the male, and fringes of hair on the 
chest and shoulders in addition to the beard. Closely 
related to the goats are a series of smaller genera, such 
as Hemitragus, including the tahr of the Himalayas, 
and another species found in the Nilgiri Hills of Southern 
India, there being thus a curious separation between the 
range of the two species. The gorals (Cemas) and 
serows (Nemorhoedus) are Himalayan and Tibetan 
forms, which seem to connect the goats with the 
antelopes, while the takin of Eastern Tibet is a large 
form with curiously shaped horns. The interest of 
these genera is merely that they emphasize what has 
F 2 
