132 TROPICAL SAVANAS 
produced at a birth, and when three days old it can trot 
by the side of its mother, who protects it from the 
attacks of carnivores by kicks with her powerful legs. 
The large eyes and the long neck give the giraffe a 
very wide range of view, very necessary in an animal 
which frequents open country. 
Deer are usually absent from open plains, and are 
entirely absent, as we have seen, from Africa south of 
the Atlas. But in South America, where antelopes are 
totally absent, the deer extend their range to the plains 
and swamps. Thus the pampas of the Argentine and 
Paraguay, together with similar regions further south, 
are inhabited by the pampas deer (Cariacus campestris), 
which finds the necessary shelter among the long 
pampas grass. This deer occurs in pairs or small 
parties, and the female is particularly ingenious in pro- 
tecting her fawn. The latter makes off through the 
grass on an alarm, and then cowers down, while the 
mother takes herself off in another direction in a slow 
and limping manner. 
We have spoken of the camels of the steppes of the 
Old World, and have seen also that their allies, the 
llamas of the New, are intolerant of great heat, so that 
the tropical savanas, whether in Africa or in America, 
have no members of this family. 
Of the odd-toed ungulates the rhinoceroses, as already 
mentioned, extend into the plains, this being especially 
true of Burchell’s rhinoceros, a grass-eating form. Of 
the striped horses of Africa Burchell’s zebra and the 
quagga are (or were) both inhabitants of the open 
grass-covered plains, but both are chiefly extra-tropical, 
inhabiting the vast plains of the extreme south of 
Africa. The African wild ass is similarly an inhabitant 
of the arid regions of North Africa. While Burchell’s 
