CAVE FAUNAS 207 
rathbuni) of similar characters. The same type of 
adaptation also reappears among the cave fish, which 
have been especially studied in the Mammoth Cave of 
Kentucky. One of the most interesting found there is 
Amblyopsis spelaea, which is white in colour, and has 
concealed eyes. To make up for the loss of the eyes 
the head is furnished with a great number of tactile 
papillae. 
Of other cave animals the most important are crus- 
tacea, especially isopods, e.g. Titanethes albus, which 
has no eyes, and insects, notably beetles, e.g. Adelops 
and Bathyscia, also some spiders, myriapods, and a few 
molluscs, the tendency to lose eyes and the pigmenta- 
tion of the skin being well marked. 
REFERENCES. The first volume of the scientific results of the Bathy- 
metrical Survey of the Scottish Fresh-water Lochs, conducted under the 
direction of Sir John Murray and Laurence Pullar (Edinburgh, 1910), 
contains several articles dealing with the fauna of lakes, as well as 
detailed lists of the organisms found in the Scottish Lochs. This volume 
gives also a detailed bibliography of limnological literature. The account 
of the fauna of Lake Balaton given in the text is based upon the Resultate 
der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees, herausgegeben von 
der Balatonsee-Commission der Ungarischen Geographischen Gesellschaft 
(Vienna, 1906). A full account of the fauna of Lake Tanganyika is 
given in The Tanganyika Problem, by J. E. Moore (London, 1903). 
Other references to the same subject will be found in the bibliography 
mentioned above. Many of the general works already mentioned also 
discuss fresh-water faunas, and to them may be added Forel’s Handbuch 
der Seenkunde (Stuttgart, 1901), and the same author’s large work on 
Lake Geneva (Le Léman: Monographie limnologique, 1892-1904, Lau- 
sanne), and Die Tier- und Pflanzenwelt des Siisswassers, by Dr. Otto 
Zacharias and others (Leipzig, 1891). See also articles on the river 
mussels, &c., of South America in Archhelenis u. Archinotis, by Hermann 
von Ihering (Leipzig, 1907). Kobelt’s book (cf. p. 35) has an interest- 
ing chapter on cave faunas. See also Semper’s Conditions of Existence 
as they affect Animal Life (London, 1881). The blind fish of the Kentucky 
cave are discussed by Putnam (Amer. Nat. 1872). 
