ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS 215 
Now it is obvious that these two realms are large 
and unwieldy divisions. They are therefore in their 
turn subdivided into regions. Taking the Arctogaeic 
realm first, we find that it may be subdivided into the 
following regions: (1) the Hoxarotic, including the 
whole of temperate Europe, Asia, and North America ; 
(2) the ORIENTAL, including India south of the Hima- 
layas, Further India, and parts of the Malay Archi- 
pelago ; (3) the Eruropran, including Africa south of 
the Atlas and Sahara desert. To these many would 
add a fourth region for the island of Madagascar, whose 
fauna is so strikingly different that it may well form 
(4) the Manaaasy region. But while the fauna of the 
Oriental region shows many resemblances to that of 
the Holarctic region, the differences being largely 
attributable to differences of climate, Africa, in the 
characters already mentioned, is strikingly dissimilar, 
and approaches the South American and Australian 
regions. Without pursuing this point further, we may 
note that some authorities separate it on this account 
from the Arctogaeic realm. 
Again, the Notogaeic realm obviously falls into two 
regions: (5) the western or NEOTROPICAL, and (6) the 
eastern or AUSTRALIAN. 
This classification may be summed up in tabular 
form as follows : 
ARCTOGAEIC REALM. 
(1) HoLaRcTic REGION [sometimes divided into an 
eastern (Palaearctic) and a western (Nearctic) sub- 
region |. 
(2) ORIENTAL REGION. 
(3) ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
(4) MALAGASY REGION. 
