ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS 217 
flycatchers (Muscicapidae) of the Old World are also 
absent in the New, their place being taken by the 
tyrant shrikes (Tyrannidae). Reptiles are somewhat 
scantily represented, but we have already touched 
upon the abundance of tailed amphibians, the majority 
of which are peculiar to the region. Something has 
also been said of the fresh-water fish fauna, which is 
remarkable for its development of salmon, carp, pike, 
perch, sticklebacks, &c. There is nothing specially 
worthy of note as regards the invertebrates. 
The animals of the ORIENTAL region show so marked 
a general resemblance to those of the Ethiopian, that 
some naturalists would unite the two as a Palaeo- 
tropical region. There are, however, certain well- 
defined differences in addition to basal resemblances. 
Beginning with the Primates, we find that the Oriental 
region has two peculiar kinds of anthropoid apes, the 
orang of Sumatra and Borneo, and the gibbons of the 
Malay region. There are also many kinds of monkeys, 
belonging to the genera Macacus and Semnopithecus. 
The genus Cynopithecus includes only one species, the 
so-called black ape, peculiar to the island of Celebes, 
usually included in the Oriental region. We have 
already mentioned the peculiar proboscis monkey 
(Nasalis) of Borneo. There are four lemurs, including 
two species of the very peculiar genus Tarsius. In the 
continent of Africa there are eight species, and in 
Madagascar about thirty-six species—a very interest- 
ing contrast. 
The Oriental region is rich in bats, having many 
representatives both of the insect-eating and the fruit- 
eating forms, with some peculiar genera. 
Among the insectivores the very peculiar flying 
lemurs (Galeopithecus) of the Philippine Islands are 
