218 ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS 
confined to the region, as are also the tree-shrews 
(Tupaia). 
Carnivores are numerous, and among the interesting 
contrasts with the Ethiopian region is the presence of 
bears, believed to have originated within the Oriental 
region. The tiger, whose presence in India affords 
another point of contrast with Africa, does not reach 
Ceylon, and is believed to be a relatively recent immi- 
grant into India. Like the Ethiopian region, the 
Oriental one is rich in civets and their allies. True 
cats of the family Felidae are also numerous. 
Among the ungulates we note the presence of oxen, 
the paucity of antelopes, the abundance of deer, the 
presence of chevrotains, of many pigs, of rhinoceroses, 
of a tapir, and an elephant, and the fact that wild 
asses just reach the region. 
Rodents, especially squirrels and mice, are abundant, 
and include peculiar genera. The Edentates are repre- 
sented by members of the genus Manis, the pangolins, 
represented elsewhere only in the Ethiopian region. 
Birds are very numerous, the region being especially 
characterized by the number and beauty of its pheasants. 
On the other hand, parrots are relatively few, com- 
pared with their abundance in the Australian region. 
The babbling thrushes (Timelidae) have their head- 
quarters in the region, and are very numerous. Very 
striking also are the bulbuls (Pycnodontidae), green 
bubuls (Phyllornithidae), and the hill-tits (Leiotrichidae). 
There are many reptiles ; we have already spoken of 
the flying lizard (Draco) and the crocodiles. The long- 
snouted forms of the latter (Gavialis) are restricted to 
the region, where there is one species in the Ganges. 
A good many of the peculiarities of the ETHIOPIAN 
region have been alluded to incidentally in the fore- 
