26 PRODUCTION 



From the standpoint of the production of animal food products 

 or the raw materials for the same, the countries of the world fall 

 into four groups, to which the following names, according to pre- 

 dominant characteristics, may be given : 



Group I. Surplus-producing. 



Group II. Tropical. 



Group III. Elaborating-Commercial. 



Group IV. Deficient Industrial. 



The first group comprises the great temperate new lands 

 relatively sparse population, namely, temperate North America, 

 including habitable Canada, the United States and Northern 

 Mexico ; temperate South America including Argentina, Uruguay, 

 Paraguay and Southern Chile ; temperate Australasia, including 

 New Zealand and the greater part of Australia ; and Western 

 Siberia. To this group Eastern Europe including Russia, Hungary 

 and the Northern Balkan States must also be assigned. These, with 

 the exception of Eastern Europe, have a surplus of animal produce 

 meat or dairy products for export, and none of them import 

 such produce or animal feedstuffs to any considerable extent. 

 The countries of Eastern Europe make extensive exports of animal 

 feedstuffs (oats, barley, maize, oil-seeds, oil-cake, etc.) ; so also in 

 one or more forms do Canada, United States, Argentina and Western 

 Siberia. All of these, and Australia as well (in years of good 

 harvest), also have a considerable export surplus of cereals for 

 human consumption. To the countries in this group, China should 

 be added : though only of minor importance in supplying animal 

 food products such as eggs, lard, pork and poultry, this country 

 is especially noteworthy for exports of certain oil-seeds, namely, 

 soya beans (from Manchuria), ground-nuts and sesame seeds. 



The second group includes the tropical highlands already 

 mentioned, and also the lowland tropical areas. Some of the tropical 

 highlands already have a small surplus of meat for export. 1 Such 

 for example are Brazil, Venezuela, Southern Rhodesia, and 

 Northern Australia, but their combined output is insignificant in 

 comparison with that of the rest of the world. The supplies of 

 oleaginous seeds from various tropical regions are of much greater 

 importance, since these seeds yield both oils, that already act as 

 a commercial substitute for butter in the forms of margarine, and 

 also oil-cakes and meals, in addition to commercial oils used in 

 manufacture. Under this head stand, first, copra from many 

 tropical islands and coastal districts, especially in the Indian and 

 Pacific Oceans; second, palm kernels and other oil-bearing seeds 

 from West Africa, and third, cotton-seed, linseed and ground-nuts 

 from India and Indo-China. 



1 See also above, pp. 21 and 22. The facts are here recapitulated with some 

 additions so as to complete the account at this stage. The present and 

 possible future contributions from the two sections of this^interesting group 

 are discussed in fuller detail below, Chap. v. 



