GENERAL SURVEY OF THE SOURCES 31 



live animals is the movement of cattle (partly immature animals) 

 between the Group I. countries of North America, mainly from 

 Canada and Mexico to the United States. The export trade in 

 pig-meat is highly specialised, only four countries taking any 

 marked share in it ; two of these, namely, Canada and the United 

 States, are in Group I., and two, Ireland and Denmark, in Group 

 III. Animal fats and oils (lard, oleo, tallow) form an important 

 article of international trade *; they are exported almost entirely 

 by Group I. countries, and here the United States is a more 

 important source of surplus supplies than all other countries to- 

 gether. In considering the extent to which individual countries 

 depend upon outside sources for their supplies of animal fats and 

 oils, special attention is required in the case of certain countries 

 such as Holland and Sweden, which use imported animal fats 

 either as raw material in the manufacture of margarine, part of 

 which is exported, or for local consumption, such as a substitute 

 for butter, the exports of which are thereby increased. Eggs are 

 supplied mainly by countries in Group I., but partly also by countries 

 in Group III. Some surplus supplies are derived also from two 

 special districts, namely Northern France and Northern Italy, 

 that tend to have a Group III. structure. Russia, together with 

 Siberia and Austria-Hungary, are much the most important sources 

 of eggs in international commerce. 2 



The world's exports of animal f eedstuffs are made almost entirely, 

 in the first instance, by countries in Group I. but growing quantities 

 are now derived in the form of tropical oil-seeds from countries 

 in Group II. Animal foodstuffs are imported entirely by countries 

 in Groups III. and IV., the countries in the latter group 

 accounting for the larger share. 



the French imports of sheep from Algeria, receives most of them. 



CATTLE SHEEP PIGS. 



1901 495,635 383,594 



1912 48,912 15,430 



The import trade in' live cattle into the United Kingdom has declined partly 

 owing to a smaller exportable surplus from the United States and partly owing 

 to the embargoes. When the latter were removed, South America had dis- 

 placed North America as the chief source of surplus cattle, and in the meantime 

 with the establishment of freezing works there, it had become cheaper to export 

 the animals as dead chilled meat. The same change appeared also in the 

 diminished North American trade with the growth of the local market for 

 hides and other by-products. 



1 The exports of animal fats and oils from the nine chief surplus countries 

 in 1912 reached a total of 1158 million Ibs., or over half a million tons. The 

 total exports of meat in the same year from these countries amounted to 

 2-703 million Ibs, so that fats and oils constituted rather less than one-third 

 of the exports of meat and meat products. U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau of Crop 

 Estimates, Kept., 109. 



Attention has been drawn above (p. 19) to the desirability of making some 

 distinction between edible animal fats and oils and those that are ordinarily 

 used as raw materials in manufacture. 



8 Others of less importance are Italy, Denmark, and Ireland. 



