36 PRODUCTION 



settled permanently, as in North and South America and 

 Australasia, there has, owing partly to abundant supplies, been a 

 marked increase in the per capita consumption of meat and dairy 

 produce, as compared with ordinary European standards. Thus 

 in recent years the annual per capita meat consumption was about 

 250 Ibs. in Australia, 1 about 200 Ibs. in the United States, 2 about 

 120 Ibs. in the United Kingdom. 3 about 110 Ibs. in Germany, 4 

 80 in France, 5 50 in Russia. 5 



Now the white population of the world in 1901 was approximately 

 512 millions ; in 1911 it had advanced to approximately 588 millions, 

 or an increase of about 15 per cent. 



The numbers of food animals are shown in the following table 6 

 (numbers in millions). 



About 1901 About 1911 



Cattle 336 344 



Sheep 588 600 



Pigs 141 161 



These numbers may be reduced to a common denominator by 

 using a suitable conversion formula. That suggested by R. H. 

 Hooker in the Statistical Journal, 1909 and based upon an 

 examination of statistics collected in the United Kingdom over 

 a period of 10 years may be used ; where 1 " cattle "5.8 sheep 

 = '8 pigs enumerated, in estimating meat production per annum. 7 

 On converting the above totals of sheep and pigs into " cattle 

 units " the totals are 614 million " cattle units " for 1901, and 649 

 million "cattle units" for 1911, and dividing these by the white 

 consuming population in each case, the final results are I'l " cattle 

 units " per head in 1911 against 1'2 in 1901, shewing a decline of 

 0*1 units per head. 



1 Statistical Journal, 1904. 



2 U.S. Dept. Agric., Farmers' Bulletin, No. 575, 1914. 



3 Statistical Journal, 1904 and 1909. 



4 See p. 130^ Note 2 below. 



5 U.S. Dept. Agric., Kept. 109, pp. 132-3. 



6 The figures for 1901 are taken from Bulletin 55, Bureau of Statistics U.S. 

 Dept. of Agric., and those for 1911 from the U.S. Yearbook of Agriculture, 

 1914. The figures for India are omitted throughout. The enumerations for 

 separate countries were either those of the years 1901 and 1911 respectively, 

 or of years nearest to these dates. 



7 For the purpose of comparison it is useful to note the corresponding 

 ratios for the United States in the years 1900 and 1910. The average result 

 is that in annual meat production 1 " cattle" = 11-8 sheep = -96 pigs. 

 This would show that cattle art rather more productive as compared with 

 pigs, and considerably more so compared with sheep in the United States 

 than in the United Kingdom. However, the proportions both of beef stock 

 to dairy cattle and of wool sheep to mutton sheep, are higher in the United 

 States than in the United Kingdom and a number of other countries, and these 

 facts sufficiently account for the difference. When Hooker's ratio for the 

 United Kingdom is applied to countries where the composition of any class 

 of live stock is peculiar, some reservations are necessary. Argentina, for 

 example, will have an unusually high ratio of production for cattle, because 

 dairy cattle are relatively few, and Australia similarly a very low one for 

 sheep because merinos preponderate. 



