82 



PRODUCTION 



sufficient on the balance to supply the local demand for animal 

 foodstuffs. 



Wheat and rye, which are used mainly for direct human con- 

 sumption, are large items in the cereal export trade of Eastern 

 Europe ; but more interesting from the present point of view, is 

 the surplus of oats, barley, maize, linseed and other oil-seeds, and 

 oil-cake, that finds its way in normal times into international 

 trade. The output of these materials was increasing in the years 

 prior to the War 1 , and in 1913 the exports of them from the above- 

 mentioned countries amounted to an important part of the world's 

 total exported supplies. In fact, when the quantities of oats, 

 barley, maize and maize meal and oil-cake and meal, exported from 

 Eastern Europe in 1913, are expressed in tons, 2 it is found that, 

 together, they amount to 743 million tons out of the world's total 

 exported surplus of 22-7 million tons, or approximately 33%, as 

 shown in the following table : 3 



If it is assumed that the whole of these exports from Eastern 

 Europe was used as animal feedstuff s in the countries receiving them, 

 it would follow that the addition thereby made to animal food 

 supplies was considerable. In practice, of course, some part of the 

 supplies of these articles is diverted from consumption by food- 

 producing animals. On the other hand, the exports of wheat and 

 rye contained feedstuffs in the form of milling offals, which may be 

 reckoned at about a quarter of their weight, and in addition the 

 Russian exports of bran and pulses mentioned above should be 

 allowed for. The total exports from this region in 1913 of materials 

 used as concentrated f eedstuffs for food-producing animals, therefore 

 amounted probably to not less than 8 million tons. If 7 Ibs. of 

 these feedstuffs are taken as capable on an average of producing 



1 In Russia and Poland, between 1890 and 1910, the per capita production 

 of maize rose from *3 to '6 bushels, of oats from 6*9 to 7'0 bushels, and of barley 

 from T9 to 3 - 3 bushels. 



a The following conversion co-efficients have been used for this purpose : 

 1 bush, oats = 40 Ibs. ; 1 bush, barley = 50 Ibs. ; 1 bush maize = 60 Ibs. 



3 The trade in cereals and feedstuffs between the countries of Eastern 

 Europe (which would be included in the above totals) is not great and would 

 be largely balanced by the inclusion of Austria with Hungary. 



