CHAPTER VII. 



DEFICIENT INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES AND 



REGIONS. 



THE fourth group of countries described in Chapter II., above, 

 are distinguished by the fact that they contain large indus- 

 trial populations and look to the export trade in manufactured 

 goods, as the main source of their wealth ; and they have to rely 

 upon foreign sources for some part of their supplies of raw materials 

 and of foodstuffs. From the point of view of this enquiry they 

 form the markets to which the surplus supplies of animal foodstuffs 

 and feedstuffs gravitate either directly or indirectly ; they are 

 the apex of the pyramid in the world's production and trade in 

 these classes of produce. 



No single country in the world is, fortunately for itself, entirely 

 industrial in its structure, and all the deficient industrial countries 

 have important animal food-producing forms of agriculture, 

 utilising as feedstuffs both home-grown and imported concentrated 

 materials, as do the elaborating commercial countries of Group 

 III. With the exception of Great Britain, all of them have some 

 special kinds of foodstuffs, including in some cases even those of 

 animal origin, for export trade. It has already been observed 

 that deficient industrial " islands " exist in regions of the surplus- 

 producing group, and that such isolated industrial areas draw upon 

 the rest of the political unit in which they are found, and sometimes 

 partly also upon the outside world, for their supplies of foodstuffs. 

 Under the existing territorial arrangement of the world, the true 

 nature of these areas is apt to escape notice in a study of inter- 

 national trade. If, for example, the New England States of 

 America formed a separate political unit, they would appear as a 

 marked type of the deficient industrial regions. 



It is worth noting also that all civilised countries, and especially 

 those here termed deficient industrial, tend to produce an inde- 

 pendent rentier class of population of high per capita consumption 

 of animal foodstuffs. Some centres, such as London and Paris, 

 have special attractions as the residential headquarters of such 

 people, who came thither in considerable numbers from other 

 parts, not only of the same country, but also of the rest of the 

 European world. Similarly, also, certain health and scenic resorts 

 such, for example, as Switzerland, have to provide for a large 

 additional population of this kind, at any rate during part of the 

 year. Obviously the deficiency position of any area is increased 

 by the extent to which people of wealthy independent means, who 

 are in no sense producers of foodstuffs, make it their temporary 

 or their permanent home. 



