outside the Empire, notably to foreign countries in Europe. The 

 tallow may have been partly used in some of these countries as an 

 ingredient in the manufacture of margarine, and the wheat, of 

 course, produced offals used as feedstuffs. On the whole, while 

 the bulk of the Australian exports of animal foodstuffs and feed- 

 stuffs is consigned to the United Kingdom, it appears that of the 

 remainder a smaller proportion is sent to other parts of the Empire, 

 and a larger proportion to foreign countries in the Western Pacific 

 or in Europe. The growing tendency of Australia to trade with 

 countries outside the Empire was a marked feature of the years 

 prior to 1914. If, as has been reported, the American Beef Trust 

 has established control over certain Australian freezing works, 

 this may lead to the diversion of a larger part of the Australian meat 

 surplus to such foreign destinations as these large operators may 

 find it profitable to send it. It is noteworthy that the Australian 

 imports of animal foodstuffs and feedstuffs are, on the average of 

 years, very small, and that these come mainly from New Zealand. 



There is a distinct possibility of exports of dairy produce, and 

 even of meat, finding their way in the future from both Australia 

 and New Zealand to the United States, if a shortage in these articles 

 reappears there and high prices are offered. Since the opening of 

 the Panama Canal there has been direct shipping communication 

 between Australia and both the East and the West coast of North 

 America ; and the vessels, which are heavily laden with American 

 merchandise and raw materials outwards, can easily carry foodstuffs 

 back, since return cargoes are short. 



We now pass on to a more detailed study of the trade in animal 

 foodstuffs and feedstuffs between the various overseas parts of the 

 Empire themselves. Under this head Canada and South Africa 

 are, or have been, the most considerable importers, and Australia 

 and New Zealand the greatest exporters. 



In recent years Canada has imported both butter and mutton 

 in appreciable quantities from Australasia. This trade is favoured 

 by geographical conditions and by direct shipping communication 

 in the same way as any similar trade between Australasia and the 

 United States. Western Canada, as already observed, 1 tends to 

 show a deficiency in animal foodstuffs which owing especially to 

 the opposition of the seasons is readily supplied from Australia 

 and New Zealand. This trade may disappear if animal industries 

 are developed more extensively in the Prairie Provinces and in 

 British Columbia. 1 



South Africa, till quite recently, was rather a marked deficiency 

 area in animal foodstuffs and in cereals. Its imports of beef, 

 mutton and dairy produce in the period 1909-12 were derived 

 almost entirely from Australia and New Zealand, but those of 

 pig-meat came mainly from the United Kingdom. 2 The imported 



1 See Part I., Chap, iv., pp. 54, 55. 



2 These consignments apparently consisted mainly of cured meat from the 

 United Kingdom, imported originally from elsewhere, 



