THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. gg 



(Fig. 45) ; in this position, too, they remain in caves, 

 ruins, or some out-of-the-way place during the whole 

 winter. Some bats have a large leaf-like appendage on 

 the front of their nose, as in Fig. 44, whilst others are 

 without it ; and some are noted for the extraordinary 

 size of their ears. 



QUADBUMAUA,* OR FOUR-HANDED 



MAMMALIA. 



THE term " four-handed " is by no means a correct one, 

 as we do not find a thumb separate from the other fingers 

 in all four extremities of every member of the group ; 

 for in some, only one pair arc so provided, and that the 

 hinder pair. But as the feet are always so formed, it 

 would be more correct to call the whole order " Pedimana, 

 or hand-footed," since all can use their feet as hands, but 

 all have not/<??/r hands. The hands of the Ouadrumana 

 differ materially from those of man. The fingers are long 

 and slender, and the thumbs so short, that their tips can 

 only with difficulty be brought together, so that they 

 would be wholly unfit for the manifold and refined opera- 

 tions performed by the human hand. They are, in fact, 

 claspers more than hands, which enable the animals to 

 climb trees or to suspend themselves from the boughs. Nor 

 can the foot of even the Chimpanzee, Gorilla, or Orang be 

 compared with that of Man ; for they cannot plant \\. flat 

 upon the ground, but walk upon its outer side. The toes 

 are longer and more separated than in the human foot ; 

 and the great toe (Fig. 46) is converted into a thumb, 

 and stands off from the side, thus making the foot of 

 the quadrumana a grasping rather than a walking instru- 

 ment ; whilst, owing to the very slight extent to which 

 the heel-bone projects in the Apes, the muscles of the calf, 



* Quatuor, four ; inanus, a hand. 



