Psychophysical Variations 27 



support and further. There could not be mdependence ; 

 there must be correlation. 



This is illustrated by several of the facts and principles 

 pointed out in the following pages. It has been argued in 

 the earlier volume on Social and Ethical Interpretations 

 (Chap. VI.) that emotion shows a development from an 

 ' organic ' to a * reflective ' or intelligent type, which latter, 

 however, utihzes in its expression the same organic pro- 

 cesses as the former ; and it is there stated that this could 

 have come about only by the sort of correlation now under 

 discussion. Only those reactions of the organism, selected 

 for their utility in offence, defence, etc., would survive, which 

 could either be actually used for the higher purposes of 

 mind, or which, at least, did not stand in the way of the 

 exercise of the higher functions. Both of these possibili- 

 ties are realized, and in some cases we find the presence of 

 vestigial 'expressions,' now harmless although no longer 

 useful ; while in other cases the original reaction has been 

 modified to serve the new purpose. In certain cases, also, 

 these vestigial reactions or dispositions are, in some 

 degree, disturbing factors to the possessor of the new func- 

 tions.^ It is argued below (Chap. VI. § i) that both the in- 

 stinctive or reflex and also the inteUigent performance of a 

 given function may coexist side by side, each having utility 

 and each preserved for its utility — an additional resource 

 thus being given the possessor in coping with complex 

 circumstances. In this case, there has been a selection of 

 variations toward the plasticity which the evolution of in- 

 telligence demanded, together with the growth of the appa- 

 ratus of voluntary movement, while at the same time the 

 fixed connections requisite to the reflex or instinctive per- 



1 So blushins;, as is maintained in the work mentioned, Sects. 134 f. 



